@cite{rosa-arnold-2017}

@cite{kehler-rohde-2013} @cite{kehler-2002} @cite{arnold-wasow-losongco-ginstrom-2000}

Predictability Affects Production: Thematic Roles Can Affect Reference Form Selection. Journal of Memory and Language 94, 43–60.

Core Argument

Speakers use more pronouns for goals than sources of transfer verbs, across three experimental paradigms (event-retelling, sentence completion × 2). A rating study confirms that goal characters are more predictable next-mentions (71% chose the goal as likely next-mention; separately, only 54% chose the subject, suggesting subjecthood is a weaker predictor of next-mention than thematic role). This establishes that thematic roles affect referential form selection via predictability, contrary to claims that thematic roles do not affect form.

Key Findings

#	Finding	Status
1	Goals get more pronouns than sources (all 3 exps)	data
2	Subjects get more pronouns than nonsubjects (all 3 exps)	data
3	Goals are more predictable next-mentions (71% vs 54%)	data
4	Occasion/Result coherence amplifies goal bias (Exp 2)	data
5	Goal bias robust across paradigms	data
6	Transfer verbs assign Goal to indirect object	rfl
7	Occasion/Result is contiguity/causeEffect	rfl
8	Goal > Source mirrors IC next-mention mechanism	cross-study
9	Form reduction feeds into ordering (Arnold et al. 2000)	cross-study

Debate with @cite{kehler-rohde-2013}

Kehler & Rohde decompose pronoun interpretation via Bayes' rule:

P(referent | pronoun) ∝ P(pronoun | referent) × P(referent)

They propose two independent factors:

• P(referent): coherence-driven next-mention bias (sensitive to thematic roles)
• P(pronoun | referent): centering-driven form bias (sensitive to subjecthood ONLY)

This predicts thematic roles should NOT affect pronominalization rate. @cite{rosa-arnold-2017} directly challenges this independence: goals get more pronouns than sources even controlling for grammatical role, showing P(pronoun | referent) is also sensitive to thematic role predictability.

Connection to @cite{arnold-wasow-losongco-ginstrom-2000}

The same verb ("give"), the same construction (dative/transfer), but different dependent variables: Arnold et al. (2000) study position (heavy NP shift, dative alternation), Rosa & Arnold (2017) study form (pronoun vs name). Both are production choices along the same NP weight/reduction dimension.

inductive Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.TransferRole : Type

Thematic role of the referent in a transfer verb event.

• goal : TransferRole
• source : TransferRole

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqTransferRole : DecidableEq TransferRole

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqTransferRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprTransferRole.repr : TransferRole → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprTransferRole : Repr TransferRole

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprTransferRole = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprTransferRole.repr }

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqTransferRole : BEq TransferRole

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqTransferRole = { beq := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqTransferRole.beq }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqTransferRole.beq : TransferRole → TransferRole → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqTransferRole.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

inductive Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.GramRole : Type

Grammatical role of the referent in the prior sentence.

• subject : GramRole
• nonsubject : GramRole

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqGramRole : DecidableEq GramRole

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqGramRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGramRole.repr : GramRole → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGramRole : Repr GramRole

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGramRole = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGramRole.repr }

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGramRole : BEq GramRole

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGramRole = { beq := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGramRole.beq }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGramRole.beq : GramRole → GramRole → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGramRole.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

inductive Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.GenderContext : Type

Gender match between referents (affects ambiguity of pronouns).

• sameGender : GenderContext
• differentGender : GenderContext

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqGenderContext : DecidableEq GenderContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqGenderContext x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGenderContext.repr : GenderContext → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGenderContext : Repr GenderContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGenderContext = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprGenderContext.repr }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGenderContext.beq : GenderContext → GenderContext → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGenderContext.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGenderContext : BEq GenderContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGenderContext = { beq := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqGenderContext.beq }

inductive Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.Paradigm : Type

Experimental paradigm.

• eventRetelling : Paradigm
• sentenceCompletion : Paradigm
• renamedCompletion : Paradigm

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqParadigm : DecidableEq Paradigm

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqParadigm x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprParadigm.repr : Paradigm → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprParadigm : Repr Paradigm

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprParadigm = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprParadigm.repr }

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqParadigm : BEq Paradigm

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqParadigm = { beq := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqParadigm.beq }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqParadigm.beq : Paradigm → Paradigm → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqParadigm.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

structure Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.Condition : Type

Experimental condition: fully crossed design.

• role : TransferRole
• gram : GramRole
• gender : GenderContext

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqCondition : DecidableEq Condition

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqCondition = Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqCondition.decEq

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqCondition.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Condition) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCondition.repr : Condition → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCondition : Repr Condition

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCondition = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCondition.repr }

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCondition : BEq Condition

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCondition = { beq := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCondition.beq }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCondition.beq : Condition → Condition → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCondition.beq { role := a, gram := a_1, gender := a_2 } { role := b, gram := b_1, gender := b_2 } = (a == b && (a_1 == b_1 && a_2 == b_2))
• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCondition.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

structure Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.PronounRate : Type

Pronoun rate data point: percentage of pronoun use in a condition.

• paradigm : Paradigm
• cond : Condition
• percent : ℕ

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprPronounRate.repr : PronounRate → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprPronounRate : Repr PronounRate

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprPronounRate = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprPronounRate.repr }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp1_goal_subj_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp1_source_subj_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp1_goal_nonsub_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp1_source_nonsub_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp2_goal_subj_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp2_source_subj_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp2_goal_nonsub_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp2_source_nonsub_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp3_goal_subj_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp3_source_subj_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp3_goal_nonsub_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp3_source_nonsub_diff : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp3_goal_nonsub_same : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp3_source_nonsub_same : PronounRate

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

structure Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.NextMentionRating : Type

Next-mention rating: percentage of participants choosing this role as the character most likely to be talked about next.

• role : TransferRole
• percent : ℕ

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprNextMentionRating : Repr NextMentionRating

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprNextMentionRating = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprNextMentionRating.repr }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprNextMentionRating.repr : NextMentionRating → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.nextMention_goal : NextMentionRating

71% of raters chose the goal character as most likely to be mentioned next (t(19)=4.91, p<.0001).

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.nextMention_goal = { role := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.TransferRole.goal, percent := 71 }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.nextMention_subject_pct : ℕ

54% of raters chose the subject (not significant, p>.1).

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.nextMention_subject_pct = 54

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.goals_more_predictable : nextMention_goal.percent > 100 - nextMention_goal.percent

Goals are more predictable next-mentions than sources.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.goal_bias_stronger_than_subj_bias : nextMention_goal.percent > nextMention_subject_pct

Thematic role (goal: 71%) is a stronger next-mention predictor than grammatical role (subject: 54%). This supports the paper's core claim that predictability driven by thematic roles matters for production.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp1_goal_gt_source_subj : exp1_goal_subj_diff.percent > exp1_source_subj_diff.percent

Goal > Source in pronoun rate: verified in every paradigm. Exp 1: 64 vs 37 (subject, different-gender). Exp 2: 55 vs 33 (nonsubject, different-gender). Exp 3: 33 vs 10 (nonsubject, same-gender — strongest interaction cell).

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp2_goal_gt_source_nonsub : exp2_goal_nonsub_diff.percent > exp2_source_nonsub_diff.percent

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp3_goal_gt_source_nonsub_same : exp3_goal_nonsub_same.percent > exp3_source_nonsub_same.percent

Exp 3 strongest cell: nonsubject same-gender shows 33% vs 10%.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.exp1_subj_gt_nonsub : exp1_goal_subj_diff.percent > exp1_goal_nonsub_diff.percent

Subject > Nonsubject in pronoun rate (orthogonal to thematic role). Exp 1: 64 vs 31 for goals.

inductive Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.CoherenceCategory : Type

Coherence relation categories used in Exp 2 coding.

• occasionResult : CoherenceCategory
• other : CoherenceCategory

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqCoherenceCategory : DecidableEq CoherenceCategory

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instDecidableEqCoherenceCategory x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceCategory.repr : CoherenceCategory → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceCategory : Repr CoherenceCategory

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceCategory = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceCategory.repr }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCoherenceCategory.beq : CoherenceCategory → CoherenceCategory → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCoherenceCategory.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCoherenceCategory : BEq CoherenceCategory

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCoherenceCategory = { beq := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instBEqCoherenceCategory.beq }

structure Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.CoherenceInteraction : Type

Exp 2 coherence interaction: Goal vs Source effect by coherence category. Occasion/Result: β=1.22 (0.40), t=3.06, p=.002 — significant. Other: β=0.86 (0.55), t=1.56, p=.12 — not significant.

• category : CoherenceCategory
• goalSourceBeta : ℤ
• significant : Bool

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceInteraction.repr : CoherenceInteraction → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceInteraction : Repr CoherenceInteraction

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceInteraction = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.instReprCoherenceInteraction.repr }

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.occasionResult_interaction : CoherenceInteraction

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.other_interaction : CoherenceInteraction

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.other_interaction = { category := Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.CoherenceCategory.other, goalSourceBeta := 86, significant := false }

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.coherence_amplifies_goal_bias : occasionResult_interaction.goalSourceBeta > other_interaction.goalSourceBeta

The goal bias is larger for Occasion/Result than Other coherence.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.kehlerRohdeIndependence (pronounGivenReferent : TransferRole → GramRole → ℕ) (gram : GramRole) : Prop

@cite{kehler-rohde-2013}'s independence hypothesis: P(pronoun | referent) depends only on grammatical/topichood status, NOT on thematic role or coherence-driven predictability.

This predicts that pronominalization rate should be constant across thematic roles when grammatical role is held constant.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.independence_violated_exp1_subj : ¬kehlerRohdeIndependence (fun (role : TransferRole) (gram : GramRole) => match role, gram with | TransferRole.goal, GramRole.subject => 64 | TransferRole.source, GramRole.subject => 37 | TransferRole.goal, GramRole.nonsubject => 31 | TransferRole.source, GramRole.nonsubject => 18) GramRole.subject

@cite{rosa-arnold-2017}'s challenge: goals get more pronouns than sources even in the same grammatical position. This violates the independence hypothesis. Verified in Exp 1 subject condition.

def Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.transferNextMention : ThetaRole → Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.NextMentionBias

Transfer verb next-mention prediction: Goal arguments have higher next-mention bias than Source arguments in narrative (Occasion/Result) continuations. This maps the ThetaRole distinction to NextMentionBias.

Equations

• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.transferNextMention ThetaRole.goal = Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.NextMentionBias.high
• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.transferNextMention ThetaRole.source = Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.NextMentionBias.low
• Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.transferNextMention x✝ = Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.NextMentionBias.low

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.goal_predicts_pronoun : (transferNextMention ThetaRole.goal).predictedForm = Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.unstressedPron

Goal → pronoun, Source → name: the predicted referential form for transfer verb arguments follows from next-mention bias.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.source_predicts_name : (transferNextMention ThetaRole.source).predictedForm = Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.fullName

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.occasion_is_contiguity : Core.Discourse.CoherenceRelation.CoherenceRelation.occasion.toClass = Core.Discourse.CoherenceRelation.CoherenceClass.contiguity

Occasion relations focus on the end state of the previous event. For transfer verbs, the Goal is the endpoint — the entity in the final state after transfer. This is why Occasion/Result coherence amplifies the Goal bias.

Occasion is a contiguity relation; Result is cause–effect. Both focus on what happens AFTER the event, favoring the Goal.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.result_is_cause_effect : Core.Discourse.CoherenceRelation.CoherenceRelation.result.toClass = Core.Discourse.CoherenceRelation.CoherenceClass.causeEffect

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.pronoun_more_reduced : Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.unstressedPron.rank > Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.fullName.rank

The same transfer verb "give" is studied for both referential form (@cite{rosa-arnold-2017}) and constituent ordering (@cite{arnold-wasow-losongco-ginstrom-2000}). Pronouns are more reduced than names on the accessibility scale, and at most as heavy by word count. The referential form choice connects to ordering:

Rosa & Arnold: Goal → pronoun (reduced) Arnold et al. 2000: light/reduced NP → early position

Together: Goal → pronoun → early position. The referential form choice mediates between thematic role and syntactic position.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.pronoun_at_most_as_heavy : Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.ReferentialForm.typicalWeight Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.unstressedPron ≤ Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.ReferentialForm.typicalWeight Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.fullName

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.goal_more_reduced_than_source : Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.rank (transferNextMention ThetaRole.goal).predictedForm > Core.Discourse.ReferentialForm.AccessibilityLevel.rank (transferNextMention ThetaRole.source).predictedForm

The goal argument receives a MORE REDUCED referential form than the source argument. This derived contrast — not the individual predictions — is the empirical content of @cite{rosa-arnold-2017}.

The same reduction asymmetry creates a weight asymmetry: goal arguments surface as lighter NPs (pronouns) while source arguments surface as heavier NPs (names). @cite{arnold-wasow-losongco-ginstrom-2000} prove that exactly this weight dimension independently predicts constituent ordering in dative constructions with the same verb. So thematic roles affect ordering through referential form reduction.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.dual_path_to_ordering : (transferNextMention ThetaRole.goal).predictedForm ≠ (transferNextMention ThetaRole.source).predictedForm ∧ nextMention_goal.percent > 100 - nextMention_goal.percent ∧ WordOrder.Studies.ArnoldEtAl2000.daCorpusResult.heavinessSig = true ∧ WordOrder.Studies.ArnoldEtAl2000.daCorpusResult.newnessSig = true

@cite{arnold-wasow-losongco-ginstrom-2000} show that heaviness and newness BOTH independently predict ordering. @cite{rosa-arnold-2017} show thematic roles affect BOTH form (the heaviness dimension) and predictability (the newness dimension). Thematic roles therefore have a dual path to constituent ordering:

Path 1 (via form): θ-role → form reduction → lighter NP → earlier Path 2 (via predictability): θ-role → next-mention bias → given-like → earlier

This theorem derives the existence of both paths: the goal/source contrast produces different predicted forms (Path 1 input), and goals are more predictable than sources (Path 2 input). Arnold et al. confirm that both receiving dimensions independently matter.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.independence_violated_bridges_to_KR : KehlerRohde2013.pron_passive_subj > KehlerRohde2013.pron_active_subj ∧ exp1_goal_subj_diff.percent > exp1_source_subj_diff.percent

@cite{kehler-rohde-2013}'s Bayesian decomposition predicts that P(pronoun | referent) depends only on topichood, not on semantic factors like thematic role. This study directly violates that prediction: goals get more pronouns than sources in the same grammatical position (Exp 1: 64% vs 37% for subjects).

The violation connects to K&R's Table 9 data, which shows that P(pronoun | referent) DOES vary with topichood (passive subject 87% vs active subject 62%). Rosa & Arnold extend this: thematic roles also contribute to topichood/predictability, not just syntactic construction.

theorem Phenomena.Reference.Studies.RosaArnold2017.coherence_interaction_matches_KR_biases : KehlerRohde2013.cr_occasion.sourceGivenCR < 50 ∧ KehlerRohde2013.cr_explanation.sourceGivenCR > 50 ∧ occasionResult_interaction.significant = true ∧ other_interaction.significant = false

K&R's Table 2 shows that Occasion and Result are Goal-biased (18% and 8% Source respectively). This study's Exp 2 coherence interaction confirms: Occasion/Result continuations amplify the goal bias (β=1.22, p=.002), while Other coherence (including Explanation, which K&R show is Source-biased at 80%) does not reach significance (β=0.86, p=.12). The coherence-specific biases from K&R's passage completion data predict the interaction pattern in this study's sentence completion data.