Verbal Predicate Lexicon Fragment

English verb lexical entries with morphology, argument structure, semantic class, and links to compositional semantics (CoS, attitudes, causatives).

Semantic types (ComplementType, AttitudeBuilder, etc.) and the cross-linguistic VerbCore structure live in Core/Verbs.lean. This file defines VerbEntry extends VerbCore with English-specific inflectional fields and provides smart constructors for regular verbs.

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.regular3sg (stem : String) : String

Compute regular 3sg present form.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.regularPast (stem : String) : String

Compute regular past tense / past participle form.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.regularPresPart (stem : String) : String

Compute regular present participle form.

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• Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.regularPresPart stem = if (stem.endsWith "e" && !stem.endsWith "ee") = true then String.ofList (stem.toList.dropLast ++ "ing".toList) else stem ++ "ing"

structure Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntryextends Core.Verbs.VerbCore : Type

A complete English lexical entry for a verb.

Extends the cross-linguistic VerbCore (argument structure, semantic class, compositional links) with English-specific inflectional morphology.

• form : String
• complementType : ComplementType
• subjectEntailments : Option Semantics.Lexical.Verb.EntailmentProfile.EntailmentProfile
• objectEntailments : Option Semantics.Lexical.Verb.EntailmentProfile.EntailmentProfile
• controlType : ControlType
• altComplementType : Option ComplementType
• altControlType : ControlType
• unaccusative : Bool
• voiceType : Option VoiceType
• passivizable : Bool
• implicitObj : Option ImplicitInterp
• implicitGoal : Option ImplicitInterp
• speechActVerb : Bool
• vendlerClass : Option Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass
• degreeAchievementScale : Option Semantics.Lexical.Verb.DegreeAchievement.DegreeAchievementScale
• verbIncClass : Option Semantics.Events.Krifka1998.VerbIncClass
• presupType : Option PresupTriggerType
• projectionBehavior : Option ProjectionBehavior
• selectsDimension : Option Semantics.Probabilistic.Measurement.Dimension
• cosType : Option Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType
• implicativeBuilder : Option Nadathur2024.Implicative.ImplicativeBuilder
• causativeBuilder : Option NadathurLauer2020.CausativeBuilder
• causalSource : Option Semantics.Causation.PsychCausation.CausalSource
• opaqueContext : Bool
• attitudeBuilder : Option AttitudeBuilder
• takesQuestionBase : Bool
• complementSig : Option NaturalLogic.EntailmentSig
• senseTag : SenseTag
• levinClass : Option LevinClass
• rootProfile : Option RootProfile
• form3sg : String

  Third person singular present (for agreement)

• formPast : String

  Past tense form

• formPastPart : String

  Past participle (for passives, perfects)

• formPresPart : String

  Present participle / gerund

• isRegular : Bool

  Are all inflected forms rule-predictable from the citation form?

instance Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instReprVerbEntry : Repr VerbEntry

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• Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instReprVerbEntry = { reprPrec := Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instReprVerbEntry.repr }

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instReprVerbEntry.repr : VerbEntry → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instBEqVerbEntry : BEq VerbEntry

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• Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instBEqVerbEntry = { beq := Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instBEqVerbEntry.beq }

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.instBEqVerbEntry.beq : VerbEntry → VerbEntry → Bool

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.mkRegular (core : VerbCore) : VerbEntry

Construct a regular verb entry: inflected forms are computed from the citation form via English morphophonological rules.

Usage:

def kick : VerbEntry :=.mkRegular {
  form := "kick", complementType :=.np }

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.sleep : VerbEntry

"sleep" — intransitive, no presupposition

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.run : VerbEntry

"run" — intransitive, no presupposition

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.arrive : VerbEntry

"arrive" — unaccusative intransitive

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.eat : VerbEntry

"eat" — transitive, implicit object is indefinite ("Have you eaten?")

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.kick : VerbEntry

"kick" — transitive

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.give : VerbEntry

"give" — ditransitive, alternates DOC/PP. Implicit goal is definite (@cite{fillmore-1986}: pragmatically recoverable). Neither object can be implicit alone.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.put : VerbEntry

"put" — locative

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.weigh : VerbEntry

"weigh" — measure predicate selecting for mass/weight.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cover : VerbEntry

"cover" — motion/extent predicate selecting for distance.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.measure : VerbEntry

"measure" — general measurement predicate.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.buy : VerbEntry

"buy" — irregular transitive

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.meet : VerbEntry

"meet" — irregular transitive

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.sell : VerbEntry

"sell" — change of possession, alternates DOC/PP. Implicit DO is definite; implicit goal is indefinite.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.leave : VerbEntry

"leave" — transitive (also used intransitively with argument drop)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.see : VerbEntry

"see" — transitive, can also embed clauses

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.know : VerbEntry

"know" — factive, presupposes complement is true

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.regret : VerbEntry

"regret" — factive, presupposes complement is true

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.realize : VerbEntry

"realize" — factive, presupposes complement is true

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.discover : VerbEntry

"discover" — semifactive, weaker projection

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.notice : VerbEntry

"notice" — semifactive

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.stop : VerbEntry

"stop" — CoS cessation, presupposes activity was happening

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.quit : VerbEntry

"quit" — CoS cessation

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.start : VerbEntry

"start" — CoS inception, presupposes activity wasn't happening

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.begin_ : VerbEntry

"begin" — CoS inception

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.continue_ : VerbEntry

"continue" — CoS continuation, presupposes activity was happening

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.keep : VerbEntry

"keep" — CoS continuation

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.manage : VerbEntry

"manage" — positive implicative: "managed to VP" entails "VP". Traditional analysis: agentive subject controls the complement. See also manage_occasion for the @cite{solstad-bott-2024} analysis.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fail : VerbEntry

"fail" — negative implicative: "failed to VP" entails "not VP"

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.try_ : VerbEntry

"try" — subject control, no entailment

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.persuade : VerbEntry

"persuade" — object control: "persuade X to VP" (X = agent of VP). Psychological attitude verb: causes the object to form an intention. Projects AUTHOR coordinate → obligatory de se (@cite{landau-2015} table (36)).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.promise : VerbEntry

"promise" — subject control with object: "promise X to VP". Desiderative attitude verb: the subject commits to a future action. @cite{landau-2015} (5c) classifies it as desiderative → logophoric control.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.remember : VerbEntry

"remember" — implicative with infinitival ("remember to call")

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.forget : VerbEntry

"forget" — negative implicative with infinitival

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.neglect : VerbEntry

"neglect" — negative implicative (@cite{karttunen-1971} §10, ex. 38): "John neglected to lock his door" entails "John didn't lock his door."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.believe : VerbEntry

"believe" — doxastic attitude verb, creates opaque context

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.think : VerbEntry

"think" — doxastic attitude verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.want : VerbEntry

"want" — preferential attitude verb with infinitival complement

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.intend : VerbEntry

"intend" — intention-reporting attitude verb (@cite{grano-2024}). Primary frame: infinitival with subject control ("intend to leave"). Alternate frame: for-to non-control ("intend for Ben to come along"). Rejects indicative complements cross-linguistically: "Kim intends that Sandy leaves." Requires eventuality abstraction (CAUSE binds the complement's event argument).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.decide_ : VerbEntry

"decide" — belief/intention hybrid attitude verb (@cite{grano-2024}, §6.2). Nonfinite complement → intention formation: "Kim decided to quit smoking" Finite complement → belief formation: "Kim decided that smoking is harmful" The complement type determines the reading, as with Italian convincere (@cite{fusco-sgrizzi-2026}).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hope : VerbEntry

"hope" — preferential attitude verb (Class 3: anti-rogative). Primary frame: finite clause ("hope that John leaves"). Alternate frame: infinitival with subject control ("hope to leave").

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.expect : VerbEntry

"expect" — preferential attitude verb (Class 3: anti-rogative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.wish : VerbEntry

"wish" — preferential attitude verb (Class 3: anti-rogative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fear : VerbEntry

"fear" — preferential attitude verb (Class 2: takes questions)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.dread : VerbEntry

"dread" — preferential attitude verb (Class 2: takes questions)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.worry : VerbEntry

"worry" — preferential attitude verb (Class 1: takes questions, non-C-distributive)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.seem : VerbEntry

"seem" — raising verb (no theta role for subject, unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cause : VerbEntry

"cause" — counterfactual dependence (necessity semantics)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.make : VerbEntry

"make" — direct sufficient guarantee

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.let_ : VerbEntry

"let" — permissive causative (barrier removal)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.have_caus : VerbEntry

"have" — causative use (directive causation)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.get_caus : VerbEntry

"get" — causative use (persuasive causation)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.force : VerbEntry

"force" — coercive causative (overcome resistance)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.prevent : VerbEntry

"prevent" — blocking causative (barrier addition). "X prevented Y from V-ing" entails the effect did NOT occur (¬p in w₀) but would have without X's intervention. @cite{nadathur-lauer-2020}: preventSem (dual of causeSem).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.kill : VerbEntry

"kill" — thin lexical causative (kill = cause-to-die, COMPACT type).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.break_ : VerbEntry

"break" — thick lexical causative (Levin 45.1 Break Verbs; @cite{embick-2009} break-class). Pure change-of-state verb: change in "material integrity" with no specification of how the change comes about (@cite{levin-1993}:242).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.tear_ : VerbEntry

"tear" — Levin 45.1 Break Verbs. Contrary-direction separation with force. Unlike break, tear implies a specific directionality (bidirectional / pulling apart) and is compatible with careful controlled action. Patient restriction: any solid capable of irregular separation. @cite{spalek-mcnally-2026} (§3.1–3.2). @cite{majid-boster-bowerman-2008}: Dimension 2 — tearing consistently distinguished from break/cut across 10/28 languages.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.crack : VerbEntry

"crack" — Levin 45.1 Break verbs. Physical disturbance CoS verb. @cite{tham-2025}: closed scale (contra @cite{rappaport-hovav-2014} two-point classification), but allows BOTH telic ("cracked in a minute") and atelic ("cracked for two days") readings. Compatible with completely, partially, badly. The verb is NOT a standard degree achievement: its variable telicity does not reduce to scale boundedness alone.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.dent : VerbEntry

"dent" — Levin 45.1 Break verbs. Physical disturbance CoS verb. @cite{tham-2025}: closed scale, compatible with more dented, completely dented, badly dented.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.scratch : VerbEntry

"scratch" — Levin 45.1 Break verbs. Physical disturbance CoS verb. @cite{tham-2025}: closed scale, compatible with more scratched, completely scratched, badly scratched. Note: also has a manner reading (Levin §10.4.1 wipe verbs: "The cat scratched the sofa") distinct from the CoS reading formalized here.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.shatter : VerbEntry

"shatter" — Levin 45.1 Break verbs. NOT a physical disturbance verb. Punctual, non-gradable: shatter in two minutes (after, not duration), #shatter for two minutes, ??more shattered (@cite{tham-2025} (12)).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.burn : VerbEntry

"burn" — thick lexical causative (manner = by fire/heat).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.destroy : VerbEntry

"destroy" — thin lexical causative (result-only, no manner).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.melt : VerbEntry

"melt" — thick lexical causative (manner = by heat). Base transitive that productively takes DOC ("melt me some ice cream"). Implicit obj is indefinite ("the ice cream melted" / "we're melting").

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.activate : VerbEntry

"activate" — thin causative, CoS without manner.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.affect : VerbEntry

"affect" — thin causative, general effect.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.change : VerbEntry

"change" — thin causative, transformation (§26.6).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.damage : VerbEntry

"damage" — thin causative, partial destruction.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.eliminate : VerbEntry

"eliminate" — thin causative, removal/destruction.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hurt : VerbEntry

"hurt" — thin causative, generic harm.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.restore : VerbEntry

"restore" — thin causative, reverse transformation (§26.6).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.trigger : VerbEntry

"trigger" — thin causative, engender class (§27).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bury : VerbEntry

"bury" — thick causative (state), concealment (§16).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.drop : VerbEntry

"drop" — thick causative, caused falling (§45.4).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lift : VerbEntry

"lift" — thick causative, caused upward motion (§11.4 carry).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lock : VerbEntry

"lock" — thick causative, caused secured state (§45.4).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.shut : VerbEntry

"shut" — thick causative, caused closed state (§45.4).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.spread : VerbEntry

"spread" — thick causative, spray/load class (§9.7).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.stretch : VerbEntry

"stretch" — thick causative, bend class (§45.2).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.switch : VerbEntry

"switch" — thick causative, CoS (§45.4).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.devour : VerbEntry

"devour" — transitive, no presupposition

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.read : VerbEntry

"read" — transitive, no presupposition

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.build : VerbEntry

"build" — creation verb, strictly incremental theme. Base transitive that productively takes DOC ("build us a house").

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.write : VerbEntry

"write" — creation verb, strictly incremental theme. Alternates DOC/PP. Implicit DO in both frames (indefinite). Uniquely allows implicit DO in both DOC and PP (@cite{bruening-2021}).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.sweep : VerbEntry

"sweep" — motion + sustained contact, variable agentivity (default sense).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.sweep_instr : VerbEntry

"sweep" instrument sense — obligatorily agentive, broom lexicalized.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.say : VerbEntry

"say" — communication verb, not factive

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.tell : VerbEntry

"tell" — communication verb with recipient. Also ditransitive ("tell me a story"). Implicit second obj is definite (@cite{bruening-2021}: recoverable). Implicit goal (PP) is indefinite.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.claim : VerbEntry

"claim" — communication verb, speaker doesn't endorse

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The 20 clause-embedding predicates from @cite{degen-tonhauser-2021}. Predicates already defined above: know, discover, see, think, say, hear. "be annoyed" and "be right" are copular constructions, not simple verbs.

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.reveal : VerbEntry

"reveal" — factive communication verb (@cite{degen-tonhauser-2022}: canonically factive)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.acknowledge : VerbEntry

"acknowledge" — optionally factive communication verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.admit : VerbEntry

"admit" — optionally factive communication verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.announce : VerbEntry

"announce" — communication verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.confess : VerbEntry

"confess" — optionally factive communication verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.inform : VerbEntry

"inform" — optionally factive communication verb with recipient

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.suggest : VerbEntry

"suggest" — non-factive communication verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.pretend : VerbEntry

"pretend" — anti-veridical attitude verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.confirm : VerbEntry

"confirm" — evidential verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.demonstrate : VerbEntry

"demonstrate" — evidential verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.establish : VerbEntry

"establish" — evidential verb

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.prove : VerbEntry

"prove" — evidential verb

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Manner-of-speaking (MoS) verbs specify how something is said. @cite{storment-2026} shows these divide into two classes: - QI-permitting (unaccusative): whisper, murmur, mumble, mutter, shout, cry, scream, shriek, yell, groan, grumble, hiss, sigh, whimper, snap - Non-QI (unergative): speak, talk

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.whisper : VerbEntry

"whisper" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.murmur : VerbEntry

"murmur" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.shout : VerbEntry

"shout" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cry : VerbEntry

"cry" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.scream : VerbEntry

"scream" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.mumble : VerbEntry

"mumble" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.mutter : VerbEntry

"mutter" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.shriek : VerbEntry

"shriek" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.yell : VerbEntry

"yell" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.groan : VerbEntry

"groan" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.grumble : VerbEntry

"grumble" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hiss : VerbEntry

"hiss" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.sigh : VerbEntry

"sigh" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.whimper : VerbEntry

"whimper" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.snap : VerbEntry

"snap" — MoS verb, permits quotative inversion (unaccusative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.speak : VerbEntry

"speak" — agentive communication verb, blocks quotative inversion (unergative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.talk : VerbEntry

"talk" — agentive communication verb, blocks quotative inversion (unergative)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.wonder : VerbEntry

"wonder" — embeds questions only

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.ask : VerbEntry

"ask" — embeds questions

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.investigate : VerbEntry

"investigate" — rogative, embeds interrogatives only

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.depend_on : VerbEntry

"depend_on" — rogative, embeds interrogatives only (@cite{dayal-2025}: rogativeCP)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.remember_rog : VerbEntry

"remember" in factive/question-embedding sense.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.forget_rog : VerbEntry

"forget" in factive/question-embedding sense.

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Occasion verbs presuppose a prior occasioning eventuality and have experiencer (agent-evocator) subjects. They pattern with AgExp verbs for implicit causality bias.

"manage" has two entries: `manage` (`.default`, agentive subject — traditional
implicative analysis) and `manage_occasion` (`.occasion`, experiencer subject —
Solstad & Bott's agent-evocator analysis). This mirrors @cite{kim-2024}'s observation
that the same verb can project different effective argument structures
depending on the interpretive context. 

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.manage_occasion : VerbEntry

"manage" occasion sense — agent-evocator subject. Same implicative semantics as manage, but subject is experiencer (sentience + independent existence, no entailed volition/causation). The do-test passes pragmatically because the complement denotes a volitional action, not because the matrix verb entails agentivity.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.dare : VerbEntry

"dare" — positive implicative with prerequisite presupposition: courage. "Ana dared to enter the cave" → "Ana entered the cave." Presupposes that daring/courageous action was required for complement realization (@cite{nadathur-2024} §5.2, ex. 3–4, 26).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bother : VerbEntry

"bother" — positive implicative with prerequisite presupposition: engagement. "He bothered to answer" → "He answered." Presupposes that overcoming apathy/effort was required (@cite{nadathur-2024} §2, ex. 10, 28).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hesitate : VerbEntry

"hesitate" — polarity-reversing one-way implicative. "Amira hesitated to drink a beer" ↛ "Amira did not drink a beer." "Amira did not hesitate to drink a beer" → "Amira drank a beer." The paper does not explicitly name the prerequisite for hesitate; it is treated as a polarity-reversing analog of dare (@cite{nadathur-2024} §6.4, ex. 45–47).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.venture : VerbEntry

"venture" — positive implicative (@cite{karttunen-1971} ex. 2): "John ventured to speak" entails "John spoke."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.condescend : VerbEntry

"condescend" — positive implicative (@cite{karttunen-1971} ex. 2): "John condescended to help" entails "John helped."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.happen : VerbEntry

"happen" — raising verb, positive implicative (@cite{karttunen-1971} ex. 2): "John happened to see Mary" entails "John saw Mary." Raising: "It happened to rain" — no theta role for matrix subject.

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@cite{levin-1993} class 31.2 (admire). Subject = experiencer, object = stimulus. NP1 (subject) IC bias.

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.enjoy : VerbEntry

"enjoy" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.like : VerbEntry

"like" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.love : VerbEntry

"love" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hate : VerbEntry

"hate" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.admire : VerbEntry

"admire" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.envy : VerbEntry

"envy" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject). DOC-only ditransitive ("He envies me the car"). Implicit goal is definite (familiar). Implicit second obj is indefinite.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.respect : VerbEntry

"respect" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.value : VerbEntry

"value" — AgExp verb (experiencer-subject)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fear_np : VerbEntry

"fear" (NP complement) — Class I psych verb (B&R temere). "John fears snakes." Experiencer subject, stimulus object. Note: fear (attitude verb, clausal complement) is defined separately.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.dread_np : VerbEntry

"dread" (NP complement) — Class I psych verb. "John dreads exams." Note: dread (attitude, clausal) defined separately.

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@cite{levin-1993} class 31.1 (amuse). Subject = stimulus, object = experiencer. NP2 (object) IC bias.

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.frighten : VerbEntry

"frighten" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.amuse : VerbEntry

"amuse" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fascinate : VerbEntry

"fascinate" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.irritate : VerbEntry

"irritate" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.annoy : VerbEntry

"annoy" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bore : VerbEntry

"bore" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.charm : VerbEntry

"charm" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.impress : VerbEntry

"impress" — StimExp verb (stimulus-subject, eventive: @cite{kim-2024} UPH)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.concern : VerbEntry

"concern" — stative Class II psych verb (@cite{kim-2024} UPH, internal cause)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.interest : VerbEntry

"interest" — stative Class II psych verb (@cite{kim-2024} UPH, internal cause)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.surprise : VerbEntry

"surprise" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The news surprised John."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.scare : VerbEntry

"scare" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The noise scared John."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.delight : VerbEntry

"delight" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The gift delighted Mary."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.embarrass : VerbEntry

"embarrass" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The remark embarrassed John."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.upset_psych : VerbEntry

"upset" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The news upset Mary."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.disgust : VerbEntry

"disgust" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The smell disgusted John."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.shock : VerbEntry

"shock" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The revelation shocked everyone."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.confuse : VerbEntry

"confuse" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The instructions confused John."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.disappoint : VerbEntry

"disappoint" — eventive Class II (Levin 31.1). "The result disappointed Mary."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.worry_eventive : VerbEntry

"worry" (eventive) — Class II, external cause. "The noise worried John." Note: worry (attitude, clausal) defined separately.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.worry_stative : VerbEntry

"worry" (stative) — Class II, internal cause. "The situation worries John." @cite{kim-2024} UPH: same theta grid as worry_eventive, different causal source.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.please_psych : VerbEntry

"please" — stative Class II (@cite{kim-2024} UPH, internal cause). "The idea pleases John." Related to B&R Class III It. piacere.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.trouble : VerbEntry

"trouble" — stative Class II (@cite{kim-2024} UPH, internal cause). "The thought troubles John."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.puzzle : VerbEntry

"puzzle" — stative Class II (@cite{kim-2024} UPH, internal cause). "The problem puzzles John."

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Agent-patient verbs with full agentive subjects. NP1 IC bias (default). "kick" already defined above.

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.chase : VerbEntry

"chase" — AgPat verb (Levin 51.6)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hit : VerbEntry

"hit" — AgPat verb (Levin 18.1)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.push : VerbEntry

"push" — AgPat verb (Levin 12)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.pull : VerbEntry

"pull" — AgPat verb (Levin 12)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.shove : VerbEntry

"shove" — verb of exerting force (Levin 12, @cite{levin-2026} (31))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.tug : VerbEntry

"tug" — verb of exerting force (Levin 12, @cite{levin-2026} (31))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.yank : VerbEntry

"yank" — verb of exerting force (Levin 12, @cite{levin-2026} (31))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.jerk : VerbEntry

"jerk" — verb of exerting force (Levin 12, @cite{levin-2026} (31))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.wrench : VerbEntry

"wrench" — verb of exerting force (Levin 12, @cite{levin-2026} (31))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fling : VerbEntry

"fling" — verb of exerting force / throwing (Levin 12/17, @cite{levin-2026} (31)). Irregular past.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.slam : VerbEntry

"slam" — verb of surface contact, hitting (Levin 18.1, @cite{levin-2026} (32a)). Irregular doubling.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.punch : VerbEntry

"punch" — verb of surface contact, hitting (Levin 18.1, @cite{levin-2026} (32a))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.smack : VerbEntry

"smack" — verb of surface contact, hitting (Levin 18.1, @cite{levin-2026} (32a))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.thump : VerbEntry

"thump" — verb of surface contact, hitting (Levin 18.1, @cite{levin-2026} (32a))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bang : VerbEntry

"bang" — verb of surface contact, hitting (Levin 18.1, @cite{levin-2026} (32a))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.thrash : VerbEntry

"thrash" — verb of surface contact, hitting (Levin 18.1, @cite{levin-2026} (32a))

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.scrape : VerbEntry

"scrape" — verb of surface contact, wiping (Levin 10.4, @cite{levin-2026} (32b)). In intr-push-open, enters through surface-contact sense, not removing sense.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.carry : VerbEntry

"carry" — AgPat verb (Levin 11.4)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.drag : VerbEntry

"drag" — AgPat verb (Levin 11.4/12)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.call : VerbEntry

"call" — AgPat verb (communication + agent-patient frame)

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.place : VerbEntry

"place" — Levin 9.1 Put verbs. Instantaneous placement.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.pour : VerbEntry

"pour" — Levin 9.5 Pour verbs. Manner of caused motion.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.spray : VerbEntry

"spray" — Levin 9.7 Spray/Load verbs. Locative alternation.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.load : VerbEntry

"load" — Levin 9.7 Spray/Load verbs. Locative alternation.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.remove : VerbEntry

"remove" — Levin 10.1 Remove verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.clean : VerbEntry

"clean" — Levin 10.3 Clear verbs. Incremental by surface area. Also a degree achievement: closed scale (maximally clean).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.steal : VerbEntry

"steal" — Levin 10.5 Steal verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.send : VerbEntry

"send" — Levin 11.1 Send verbs. Alternates DOC/PP. Goal does not entail possession (prospective). Neither object implicit alone.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.drive : VerbEntry

"drive" — Levin 11.5 Drive verbs (vehicle-mediated motion).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.donate : VerbEntry

"donate" — Levin 13.2 Contribute verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.obtain : VerbEntry

"obtain" — Levin 13.5 Get verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.trade : VerbEntry

"trade" — Levin 13.6 Exchange verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.learn : VerbEntry

"learn" — Levin 14 Learn verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hold : VerbEntry

"hold" — Levin 15.1 Hold verbs. Stative.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hide : VerbEntry

"hide" — Levin 16 Conceal verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.throw : VerbEntry

"throw" — Levin 17.1 Throw verbs. Ballistic motion. Alternates DOC/PP. Implicit DO in PP frame only (definite).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.poke : VerbEntry

"poke" — Levin 19 Poke verbs. Punctual contact.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.touch : VerbEntry

"touch" — Levin 20 Touch verbs. Surface contact.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cut : VerbEntry

"cut" — Levin 21.1 Cut verbs. Incremental by length of cut. @cite{majid-boster-bowerman-2008}: Dimension 1 high predictability — sharp instrument on yielding object → predictable locus of separation.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.chop : VerbEntry

"chop" — Levin 21.2 Carve verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.mix : VerbEntry

"mix" — Levin 22.1 Mix verbs. Incremental by proportion combined.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.separate : VerbEntry

"separate" — Levin 23.1 Separate verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.paint : VerbEntry

"paint" — Levin 24 Color verbs. Incremental by surface area.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.draw : VerbEntry

"draw" — Levin 25 Image Creation verbs. Incremental by extent.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.create : VerbEntry

"create" — Levin 26.4 Create verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.grow : VerbEntry

"grow" — Levin 26.2 Grow verbs. Incremental by size.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.perform : VerbEntry

"perform" — Levin 26.7 Performance verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.appoint : VerbEntry

"appoint" — Levin 29.1 Appoint verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hear : VerbEntry

"hear" — Levin 30.1 See verbs. Stative perception. Also embeds finite clauses (optionally factive per @cite{degen-tonhauser-2022}).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.blame : VerbEntry

"blame" — Levin 33 Judgment verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.evaluate : VerbEntry

"evaluate" — Levin 34 Assessment verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.marry : VerbEntry

"marry" — Levin 36 Social Interaction verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bark : VerbEntry

"bark" — Levin 38 Animal Sound verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.breathe : VerbEntry

"breathe" — Levin 40.1 Body Process verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cough : VerbEntry

"cough" — Levin 40.1 Body Process verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.flinch : VerbEntry

"flinch" — Levin 40.5 Flinch verbs. Involuntary reaction.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.dress : VerbEntry

"dress" — Levin 41.1 Dress verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.drown : VerbEntry

"drown" — Levin 42.2 Poison verbs. Manner-of-killing.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.glow : VerbEntry

"glow" — Levin 43.1 Light Emission verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.buzz : VerbEntry

"buzz" — Levin 43.2 Sound Emission verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bleed : VerbEntry

"bleed" — Levin 43.4 Substance Emission verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bend : VerbEntry

"bend" — Levin 45.2 Bend verbs. Causative/inchoative alternation. Degree achievement: closed scale (straight → bent, has maximal endpoint).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.boil : VerbEntry

"boil" — Levin 45.3 Cooking verbs. Causative/inchoative alternation. Degree achievement: closed scale (reaches boiling point).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.rust : VerbEntry

"rust" — Levin 45.5 Entity-Specific CoS verbs. Inchoative only. Degree achievement: open scale (no maximum rustedness).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.increase : VerbEntry

"increase" — Levin 45.6 Calibratable CoS verbs (degree achievements). Degree achievement: open scale (no maximum quantity).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.straighten : VerbEntry

"straighten" — Closed-scale degree achievement (base adj: straight). Accomplishment: "straightened the wire in 10 seconds."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.flatten : VerbEntry

"flatten" — Closed-scale degree achievement (base adj: flat). Accomplishment: "flattened the dough in 2 minutes."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.open_ : VerbEntry

"open" — Closed-scale degree achievement (base adj: open, closed scale). Accomplishment: "opened the door in 3 seconds."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lengthen : VerbEntry

"lengthen" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: long, open scale). Activity: "lengthened the rope for hours."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.widen : VerbEntry

"widen" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: wide, open scale). Activity: "widened the road for months."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cool : VerbEntry

"cool" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: cool, open scale). Activity: "cooled for an hour."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.warm : VerbEntry

"warm" — Open-scale degree achievement (base adj: warm, open scale). Activity: "warmed for an hour."

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.exist : VerbEntry

"exist" — Levin 47.1 Exist verbs. Pure state.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.appear : VerbEntry

"appear" — Levin 48.1 Appear verbs. Punctual emergence.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fidget : VerbEntry

"fidget" — Levin 49 Body-Internal Motion verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.sit : VerbEntry

"sit" — Levin 50 Assume Position verbs. Stative.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.stand : VerbEntry

"stand" — Levin 50 Assume Position verbs. Stative.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.walk : VerbEntry

"walk" — Levin 51.3 Manner of Motion verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.swim : VerbEntry

"swim" — Levin 51.3 Manner of Motion verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fly : VerbEntry

"fly" — Levin 51.4 Vehicle Motion verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.avoid : VerbEntry

"avoid" — Levin 52 Avoid verbs. Stative.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.linger : VerbEntry

"linger" — Levin 53.1 Linger verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.rush : VerbEntry

"rush" — Levin 53.2 Rush verbs.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.rain : VerbEntry

"rain" — Levin 57 Weather verbs. Expletive subject.

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Ditransitive verbs classified by their implicit argument behavior, following @cite{bruening-2021} Table (56). The classification is theory-neutral: it records surface optionality and interpretation without committing to a specific structural analysis.

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.charge : VerbEntry

"charge" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def (addressee).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cost : VerbEntry

"cost" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fine : VerbEntry

"fine" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.tip : VerbEntry

"tip" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def (unique).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.pay : VerbEntry

"pay" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.strike_ : VerbEntry

"strike" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def (familiar).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.forgive : VerbEntry

"forgive" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj def, implicit goal def (addressee).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.spare : VerbEntry

"spare" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj def, no implicit goal.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.deny : VerbEntry

"deny" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.permit : VerbEntry

"permit" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def (addressee).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.assign : VerbEntry

"assign" — DOC-only. Implicit second obj indef, implicit goal def.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.begrudge : VerbEntry

"begrudge" — DOC-only. Neither object implicit.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.bet : VerbEntry

"bet" — DOC-only. Neither object implicit.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.serve : VerbEntry

"serve" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit second obj indef (DOC). Implicit goal def (PP).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.teach : VerbEntry

"teach" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit goal indef (PP). When both implicit, both are indefinite.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.feed : VerbEntry

"feed" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit second obj indef (DOC). No implicit goal.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.show_ : VerbEntry

"show" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit second obj def. No implicit goal.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.award : VerbEntry

"award" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit goal def (PP).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.forward_ : VerbEntry

"forward" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit goal def (PP).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.grant : VerbEntry

"grant" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit goal def (PP).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.offer : VerbEntry

"offer" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit goal def (PP).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.reserve : VerbEntry

"reserve" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit goal def (PP).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.pass : VerbEntry

"pass" — alternates DOC/PP. Implicit DO def in PP frame only.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.hand : VerbEntry

"hand" — alternates DOC/PP. Neither argument implicit.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lend : VerbEntry

"lend" — alternates DOC/PP. Neither argument implicit.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.allVerbs : List VerbEntry

Get all verb entries as a list (for enumeration).

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lookup (form : String) : Option VerbEntry

Look up a verb entry by citation form.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toWord3sg (v : VerbEntry) : Word

Convert a verb entry to a Word (from Core.Basic) in 3sg present form.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toWordPl (v : VerbEntry) : Word

Convert a verb entry to a Word in base/plural present form.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toWordBase (v : VerbEntry) : Word

Convert a verb entry to a Word in base/infinitive form.

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• v.toWordBase = { form := v.form, cat := UD.UPOS.VERB, features := { valence := some (Core.Verbs.complementToValence v.complementType), vform := some VForm.infinitive } }

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toWordPast (v : VerbEntry) : Word

Convert a verb entry to a Word in past tense (active finite) form.

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def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toWordPastPart (v : VerbEntry) : Word

Convert a verb entry to a Word in past participle form. Retains original valence (for perfects: "has kicked the ball"). For passive constructions, compose with Word.asPassive: v.toWordPastPart.asPassive.

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• v.toWordPastPart = { form := v.formPastPart, cat := UD.UPOS.VERB, features := { valence := some (Core.Verbs.complementToValence v.complementType), vform := some VForm.pastParticiple } }

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toWordPresPart (v : VerbEntry) : Word

Convert a verb entry to a Word in present participle form.

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• v.toWordPresPart = { form := v.formPresPart, cat := UD.UPOS.VERB, features := { valence := some (Core.Verbs.complementToValence v.complementType), vform := some VForm.presParticiple } }

These verify that the Fragment's causative annotations are consistent with the formal semantics in NadathurLauer2020.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.make_semantics : Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics make.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.makeSem

"make" uses sufficiency semantics.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cause_semantics : Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics cause.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.causeSem

"cause" uses necessity semantics.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.make_asserts_sufficiency : make.assertsSufficiency = true

"make" asserts sufficiency — derived from its builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cause_asserts_necessity : cause.assertsNecessity = true

"cause" asserts necessity — derived from its builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.make_not_necessity : make.assertsNecessity = false

"make" does NOT assert necessity.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.cause_not_sufficiency : cause.assertsSufficiency = false

"cause" does NOT assert sufficiency.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.make_type_verbs_share_semantics : make.causativeBuilder = have_caus.causativeBuilder ∧ make.causativeBuilder = get_caus.causativeBuilder

make-type verbs (make, have, get) share the .make builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.force_is_coercive : Option.map (fun (x : NadathurLauer2020.CausativeBuilder) => x.isCoercive) force.causativeBuilder = some true

"force" is coercive — derived from its builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.let_is_permissive : Option.map (fun (x : NadathurLauer2020.CausativeBuilder) => x.isPermissive) let_.causativeBuilder = some true

"let" is permissive — derived from its builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.prevent_semantics : Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics prevent.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.Builder.preventSem

"prevent" uses blocking semantics (preventSem).

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.prevent_not_sufficiency : prevent.assertsSufficiency = false

"prevent" asserts neither sufficiency nor necessity — it uses the dual preventSem (blocking).

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.prevent_is_en_trigger : prevent.isENTrigger = true

"prevent" is an EN trigger — it entails ¬p in w₀ (complement falsity), satisfying the FORGET class licensing condition (@cite{jin-koenig-2021}, §6.1.4).

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.sufficiency_verbs_share_truth_conditions : Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics make.causativeBuilder = Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics force.causativeBuilder ∧ Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics make.causativeBuilder = Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics let_.causativeBuilder ∧ Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics make.causativeBuilder = Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics have_caus.causativeBuilder ∧ Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics make.causativeBuilder = Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics get_caus.causativeBuilder

All sufficiency-asserting causatives share the same truth conditions.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.causative_builders_distinguished : make.causativeBuilder ≠ force.causativeBuilder ∧ make.causativeBuilder ≠ let_.causativeBuilder ∧ force.causativeBuilder ≠ let_.causativeBuilder

make, force, and let have different builders despite shared truth conditions.

Lexical causative theorems

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lexical_causatives_use_make : kill.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.make ∧ break_.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.make ∧ burn.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.make ∧ destroy.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.make ∧ melt.causativeBuilder = some NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.make

All lexical causatives use the .make builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lexical_causatives_assert_sufficiency : kill.assertsSufficiency = true ∧ break_.assertsSufficiency = true ∧ burn.assertsSufficiency = true ∧ destroy.assertsSufficiency = true ∧ melt.assertsSufficiency = true

Lexical causatives all assert sufficiency — like periphrastic "make".

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lexical_causatives_match_make : Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics kill.causativeBuilder = Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics make.causativeBuilder ∧ Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics break_.causativeBuilder = Option.map NadathurLauer2020.Builder.CausativeBuilder.toSemantics make.causativeBuilder

Lexical causatives share truth conditions with periphrastic "make".

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.lexical_causatives_differ_from_cause : kill.causativeBuilder ≠ cause.causativeBuilder ∧ break_.causativeBuilder ≠ cause.causativeBuilder

Lexical causatives differ from periphrastic "cause" in truth conditions.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.manage_semantics_implicative : Option.map Nadathur2024.Implicative.ImplicativeBuilder.toSemantics manage.implicativeBuilder = some Nadathur2024.Implicative.manageSem

"manage" uses positive implicative semantics (manageSem).

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fail_semantics_implicative : Option.map Nadathur2024.Implicative.ImplicativeBuilder.toSemantics fail.implicativeBuilder = some Nadathur2024.Implicative.failSem

"fail" uses negative implicative semantics (failSem).

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.manage_entails_complement_derived : manage.entailsComplement = some true

"manage" entails the complement — derived from its builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.fail_entails_not_complement_derived : fail.entailsComplement = some false

"fail" entails NOT the complement — derived from its builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.remember_entails_complement_derived : remember.entailsComplement = some true

"remember" entails the complement — derived from its builder.

theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.forget_entails_not_complement_derived : forget.entailsComplement = some false

"forget" entails NOT the complement — derived from its builder.

def Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toStem {σ : Type} (v : VerbEntry) : Core.Morphology.Stem σ

Convert a VerbEntry to a morphological Stem.

All verb inflection is semantically vacuous at the word level: tense/aspect semantics is compositional, handled by Semantics.Intensional. The isVacuous := true flags make this explicit.

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theorem Fragments.English.Predicates.Verbal.VerbEntry.toStem_allVacuous {σ : Type} (v : VerbEntry) : (v.toStem.paradigm.all fun (x : Core.Morphology.MorphRule σ) => x.isVacuous) = true

All verb inflectional rules are semantically vacuous.