@cite{anand-hardt-mccloskey-2021} — Corpus Data

@cite{anand-hardt-mccloskey-2021}

Distributional findings from the Santa Cruz Sluicing Corpus (SCSS), a 4,700-example annotated data set of naturally occurring English sluices.

Key Findings

1. Sprouting dominates: 65.5% of sluices have no overt correlate, overturning the theoretical literature's focus on merger.

2. Why dominates: why accounts for 53.8% of all sluices (2,529/4,700).

3. Mismatches are systematic: Tense (129), modality (394), and polarity (28) mismatches between antecedent and ellipsis site are attested. Argument structure mismatches (voice, transitivity) are entirely absent.

4. Embedding is the norm: 72.4% of sluices are embedded.

inductive Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.SluiceKind : Type

Whether a sluice has an overt correlate in the antecedent.

Merger: "Someone₁ left, but I don't know who₁" — someone is the correlate. Sprouting: "John left, but I don't know why" — no overt correlate.

• merger : SluiceKind
• sprouting : SluiceKind

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqSluiceKind : DecidableEq SluiceKind

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqSluiceKind x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqSluiceKind : BEq SluiceKind

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqSluiceKind = { beq := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqSluiceKind.beq }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqSluiceKind.beq : SluiceKind → SluiceKind → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqSluiceKind.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprSluiceKind : Repr SluiceKind

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprSluiceKind = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprSluiceKind.repr }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprSluiceKind.repr : SluiceKind → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

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inductive Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.EmbeddingContext : Type

Embedding context of a sluice.

• root : EmbeddingContext
• embedded : EmbeddingContext

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqEmbeddingContext : DecidableEq EmbeddingContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqEmbeddingContext x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqEmbeddingContext : BEq EmbeddingContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqEmbeddingContext = { beq := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqEmbeddingContext.beq }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqEmbeddingContext.beq : EmbeddingContext → EmbeddingContext → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqEmbeddingContext.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprEmbeddingContext.repr : EmbeddingContext → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprEmbeddingContext : Repr EmbeddingContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprEmbeddingContext = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprEmbeddingContext.repr }

inductive Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension : Type

Dimension along which antecedent and ellipsis site can differ.

The SCSS documents which mismatches are attested and which are absent. Attested mismatches challenge strict syntactic identity requirements; absent mismatches (especially argument structure) constrain theories of ellipsis licensing.

• tense : MismatchDimension
• modality : MismatchDimension
• polarity : MismatchDimension
• newWords : MismatchDimension
• voice : MismatchDimension
• argumentStructure : MismatchDimension

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqMismatchDimension : DecidableEq MismatchDimension

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqMismatchDimension x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqMismatchDimension.beq : MismatchDimension → MismatchDimension → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqMismatchDimension.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqMismatchDimension : BEq MismatchDimension

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqMismatchDimension = { beq := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqMismatchDimension.beq }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprMismatchDimension.repr : MismatchDimension → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

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instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprMismatchDimension : Repr MismatchDimension

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprMismatchDimension = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprMismatchDimension.repr }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.attested : MismatchDimension → Bool

Whether a mismatch dimension is attested in the corpus.

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.tense.attested = true
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.modality.attested = true
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.polarity.attested = true
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.newWords.attested = true
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.voice.attested = false
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.argumentStructure.attested = false

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.corpusCount : MismatchDimension → ℕ

Corpus count for each mismatch dimension (SCSS §5).

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.tense.corpusCount = 129
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.modality.corpusCount = 394
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.polarity.corpusCount = 28
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.newWords.corpusCount = 71
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.voice.corpusCount = 0
• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.MismatchDimension.argumentStructure.corpusCount = 0

inductive Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.PolarityReversalContext : Type

Discourse contexts licensing polarity reversal under sluicing (§5.3).

Polarity reversal is pragmatically conditioned — it requires the discourse context to make the reversed polarity salient.

• negRaising : PolarityReversalContext
• withoutAdjunct : PolarityReversalContext
• disjunction : PolarityReversalContext
• qudPartialAnswer : PolarityReversalContext
• howEmbedded : PolarityReversalContext

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqPolarityReversalContext : DecidableEq PolarityReversalContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqPolarityReversalContext x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqPolarityReversalContext.beq : PolarityReversalContext → PolarityReversalContext → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqPolarityReversalContext.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqPolarityReversalContext : BEq PolarityReversalContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqPolarityReversalContext = { beq := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqPolarityReversalContext.beq }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprPolarityReversalContext.repr : PolarityReversalContext → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprPolarityReversalContext : Repr PolarityReversalContext

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprPolarityReversalContext = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprPolarityReversalContext.repr }

inductive Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.NewWordsSubtype : Type

Subtypes of novel lexical material in sluice paraphrases (§5.4).

These are cases where the paraphrase of the elided material contains words not present in the antecedent clause.

• copularClause : NewWordsSubtype
• existentialInterp : NewWordsSubtype
• strandedPreposition : NewWordsSubtype

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqNewWordsSubtype : DecidableEq NewWordsSubtype

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instDecidableEqNewWordsSubtype x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqNewWordsSubtype.beq : NewWordsSubtype → NewWordsSubtype → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqNewWordsSubtype.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqNewWordsSubtype : BEq NewWordsSubtype

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqNewWordsSubtype = { beq := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instBEqNewWordsSubtype.beq }

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprNewWordsSubtype : Repr NewWordsSubtype

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprNewWordsSubtype = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprNewWordsSubtype.repr }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprNewWordsSubtype.repr : NewWordsSubtype → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

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structure Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.CorpusSummary : Type

Summary statistics from the SCSS.

Percentages are stored as tenths (655 = 65.5%) to avoid rationals while preserving the paper's reported precision.

• totalSluices : ℕ
• sproutingPctTenths : ℕ
• mergerPctTenths : ℕ
• rootPctTenths : ℕ
• embeddedPctTenths : ℕ
• whyCount : ℕ
• whyPctTenths : ℕ
• antecedentlessCount : ℕ

instance Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprCorpusSummary : Repr CorpusSummary

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprCorpusSummary = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprCorpusSummary.repr }

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.instReprCorpusSummary.repr : CorpusSummary → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

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def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.scss : CorpusSummary

The SCSS corpus summary.

Equations

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theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sprouting_merger_exhaustive : scss.sproutingPctTenths + scss.mergerPctTenths = 1000

Sprouting + merger = 100%.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.root_embedded_exhaustive : scss.rootPctTenths + scss.embeddedPctTenths = 1000

Root + embedded = 100%.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sprouting_majority : scss.sproutingPctTenths > scss.mergerPctTenths

Sprouting is the majority kind.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.why_majority : scss.whyPctTenths > 500

Why is the majority wh-remnant type.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.embedded_majority : scss.embeddedPctTenths > scss.rootPctTenths

Embedding is the majority context.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.modality_most_frequent_mismatch : MismatchDimension.modality.corpusCount > MismatchDimension.tense.corpusCount ∧ MismatchDimension.modality.corpusCount > MismatchDimension.polarity.corpusCount ∧ MismatchDimension.modality.corpusCount > MismatchDimension.newWords.corpusCount

Modality mismatches are the most frequent mismatch type.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.no_voice_mismatches : MismatchDimension.voice.corpusCount = 0

Voice mismatches are absent.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.no_argstructure_mismatches : MismatchDimension.argumentStructure.corpusCount = 0

Argument structure mismatches are absent.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.attested_iff_nonzero (d : MismatchDimension) : d.attested = true ↔ d.corpusCount > 0

Every attested dimension has a nonzero count; every unattested dimension has a zero count.

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.transitiveVP : List Minimalism.Sluicing.HeadPair

Head pairs for a simple transitive vP: v selects V, V selects D. This is the argument domain structure of "someone left" / "John ate something" — any clause with a single verb and a DP argument.

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.transitiveVP = [{ head := Minimalism.Cat.v, complement := Minimalism.Cat.V }, { head := Minimalism.Cat.V, complement := Minimalism.Cat.D }]

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.intransitiveVP : List Minimalism.Sluicing.HeadPair

Head pairs for an intransitive vP: v selects V only. Used for the antecedent of sprouting examples like "John left."

Equations

• Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.intransitiveVP = [{ head := Minimalism.Cat.v, complement := Minimalism.Cat.V }]

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.basic_sluice_licensed : Minimalism.Sluicing.structurallyIdentical transitiveVP transitiveVP = true

SIC licenses basic sluicing: "Someone left, but I don't know who."

Antecedent "someone left" and ellipsis "[who] left" share the same verb, so their argument domains have identical head pairs.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.object_sluice_licensed : Minimalism.Sluicing.structurallyIdentical transitiveVP transitiveVP = true

SIC licenses object sluicing: "John ate something, but I don't know what."

Same verb "ate" → same head pairs.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.same_verb_license_is_licensed : { antecedentPairs := transitiveVP, ellipsisPairs := transitiveVP, antecedentTop := Minimalism.Cat.C, ellipsisTop := Minimalism.Cat.C }.isLicensed = true

A SluicingLicense for same-verb sluices is licensed.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sic_predicts_basicSluice : Sluicing.basicSluice.grammatical = true ∧ { antecedentPairs := transitiveVP, ellipsisPairs := transitiveVP, antecedentTop := Minimalism.Cat.C, ellipsisTop := Minimalism.Cat.C }.isLicensed = true

SIC correctly predicts basicSluice is grammatical.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sic_predicts_objectSluice : Sluicing.objectSluice.grammatical = true ∧ { antecedentPairs := transitiveVP, ellipsisPairs := transitiveVP, antecedentTop := Minimalism.Cat.C, ellipsisTop := Minimalism.Cat.C }.isLicensed = true

SIC correctly predicts objectSluice is grammatical.

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.dativeVP : List Minimalism.Sluicing.HeadPair

Head pairs for a dative-assigning transitive vP. V assigns dative case to its DP complement (e.g., German helfen).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.accusativeVP : List Minimalism.Sluicing.HeadPair

Head pairs for an accusative-assigning transitive vP. V assigns accusative case to its DP complement (e.g., German sehen).

Equations

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theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.case_match_licensed : Minimalism.Sluicing.structurallyIdentical dativeVP dativeVP = true

Same-case head pairs are structurally identical (case match OK).

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.case_mismatch_blocked : Minimalism.Sluicing.structurallyIdentical dativeVP accusativeVP = false

Case mismatch blocks structural identity.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sic_predicts_germanCaseMatch : Sluicing.germanCaseMatch.grammatical = true ∧ Minimalism.Sluicing.structurallyIdentical dativeVP dativeVP = true

SIC correctly predicts germanCaseMatch is grammatical: dative wh-phrase matches dative correlate. The SIC is licensed because the argument domains have structurally identical head pairs (both assign dative).

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sic_predicts_germanCaseMismatch : Sluicing.germanCaseMismatch.grammatical = false ∧ Minimalism.Sluicing.structurallyIdentical dativeVP accusativeVP = false

SIC correctly predicts germanCaseMismatch is ungrammatical: accusative wh-phrase does not match dative correlate. The SIC blocks sluicing because dative ≠ accusative within the argument domain (@cite{merchant-2001}: German wem/wen data).

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.argstructure_inside_and_absent : Minimalism.isInArgumentDomain Minimalism.Cat.V Minimalism.Cat.C = true ∧ Minimalism.isInArgumentDomain Minimalism.Cat.v Minimalism.Cat.C = true ∧ MismatchDimension.argumentStructure.corpusCount = 0

V and v are inside the argument domain: argument structure must match. The corpus confirms: zero argument structure mismatches.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.tense_outside_and_attested : Minimalism.isInArgumentDomain Minimalism.Cat.T Minimalism.Cat.C = false ∧ MismatchDimension.tense.corpusCount > 0

T is outside the argument domain: tense mismatches are licit. The corpus confirms: 129 tense mismatches attested.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.modality_outside_and_attested : Minimalism.isInArgumentDomain Minimalism.Cat.Mod Minimalism.Cat.C = false ∧ MismatchDimension.modality.corpusCount > 0

Mod is outside the argument domain: modal mismatches are licit. The corpus confirms: 394 modal mismatches — the most frequent type.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sic_partition_confirmed : MismatchDimension.argumentStructure.corpusCount = 0 ∧ MismatchDimension.voice.corpusCount = 0 ∧ MismatchDimension.tense.corpusCount > 0 ∧ MismatchDimension.modality.corpusCount > 0

The SIC cleanly separates tolerated from untolerated mismatches: every mismatch dimension inside the argument domain has 0 corpus attestations; every dimension outside has nonzero attestations.

def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.activeTransitiveVP : List Minimalism.Sluicing.HeadPair

Head pairs for an active transitive vP with voice flavor.

Equations

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def Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.passiveTransitiveVP : List Minimalism.Sluicing.HeadPair

Head pairs for a passive transitive vP with voice flavor.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.voice_correctly_blocked : Minimalism.Sluicing.structurallyIdentical activeTransitiveVP passiveTransitiveVP = false ∧ MismatchDimension.voice.corpusCount = 0

The SIC correctly blocks voice mismatches in sluicing: active v[agentive] ≠ passive v[nonThematic], and both are within the argument domain (F1 ≤ F1). The corpus confirms: 0 voice mismatches.

This resolves the voice puzzle from the earlier analysis. The puzzle arose from treating voice as outside the argument domain (like T/Mod), but @cite{anand-hardt-mccloskey-2021} shows that voice flavor is encoded on v, which IS inside the argument domain.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.sprouting_is_default : scss.sproutingPctTenths > 500

Sprouting is the dominant sluice kind (65.5%), overturning the literature's focus on merger.

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.why_dominates : scss.whyCount > scss.totalSluices / 2

Why accounts for the majority of sluicing. Since virtually all why-sluices are sprouting (reason adjuncts lack overt correlates), the prototypical sluice is "John left, but I don't know why" (sprouting, reason), not "Someone left, but I don't know who" (merger, entity).

theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.AnandHardtMcCloskey2021.merchant_deletion_domain_matches_corpus : Minimalism.Ellipsis.canMismatch Minimalism.Ellipsis.sluicing Minimalism.Ellipsis.voiceMismatch = false ∧ MismatchDimension.voice.corpusCount = 0 ∧ Minimalism.Ellipsis.canMismatch Minimalism.Ellipsis.sluicing Minimalism.Ellipsis.transitivityMismatch = false ∧ MismatchDimension.argumentStructure.corpusCount = 0

Merchant's deletion domain theory converges with the corpus: sluicing (C[E]) predicts both voice and transitivity mismatches are blocked, and the SCSS finds exactly 0 attestations of each.

This is a convergent prediction with the SIC (§ 7.2): both the SIC (structural identity within the argument domain) and the deletion domain analysis ([E] on C → Voice inside TP) independently predict that voice and argument structure mismatches are blocked in sluicing.