Tay (2024): Resultative Expressions in Mandarin Chinese

@cite{tay-2024}

UCL PhD dissertation on why Mandarin V-V resultatives are more flexible in argument realisation than English resultatives and Mandarin V-de resultatives.

Thesis's core proposal

V-V compounds are morphological (built in word syntax, not phrasal syntax), so their components are inaccessible to syntactic operations — modification, questioning, A-not-A. The null affix ∅ in V1-∅-V2 inherits all of V2's arguments but none of V1's. This predicts:

• Syntactic opacity: V-V components cannot be independently modified (§3)
• No DOR in Mandarin: subject-oriented resultatives are productive (§2)
• The Onset Condition: the CCF must participate in V1's event (§4)

What we formalize

1. No DOR: subject-oriented compounds (kū-lèi, chī-bǎo, hē-zuì) coexist with object-oriented ones; cross-linguistic contrast with English data
2. V-V vs V-de opacity: V-V blocks independent modification of V1/V2; V-de allows it (thesis's central structural prediction)
3. Onset Condition: the CCF must be a V1 participant (agent, subject matter, or source); pure causers are ungrammatical — derived from data via CcfRole.isV1Participant, not stipulated
4. V-V morphology: MorphWord.compound captures the binary V1-V2 structure
5. Causal dynamics: direct CAUSE (single causal law, completesForEffect)
6. Phase complements: grammaticalized V2 subset with fixed CoSType (standard Mandarin grammar, supplementing the thesis's V-V analysis)

Architecture

Connects:

• Theories.Semantics.Causation.Resultatives: causal dynamics, CC-selection, tightness, cross-linguistic parameters (ResultativeRealization, ResultOrientation, PhaseComplement)
• Theories.Morphology.Core.WordStructure: MorphWord.compound for V-V
• Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives: compound and phase complement lexical entries
• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Data: English data for cross-linguistic contrast (@cite{goldberg-jackendoff-2004})

Direct Object Restriction does NOT hold for Mandarin

English resultatives enforce DOR: "She ran tired" is ungrammatical; only "She ran herself ragged" (fake reflexive) is acceptable.

Mandarin V-V compounds productively allow subject-oriented resultatives without reflexivization: kū-lèi "cry-tired", chī-bǎo "eat-full", pǎo-lèi "run-tired", hē-zuì "drink-drunk".

Compound data lives in Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives; theorems here derive from those Fragment entries.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.mandarin_has_subject_oriented : (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allCompounds.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.CompoundEntry) => x.orientation == Causative.Resultatives.ResultOrientation.subjectOriented) = true

Subject-oriented Mandarin resultatives exist in the Fragment data.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.mandarin_has_both_orientations : (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allCompounds.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.CompoundEntry) => x.orientation == Causative.Resultatives.ResultOrientation.objectOriented) = true ∧ (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allCompounds.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.CompoundEntry) => x.orientation == Causative.Resultatives.ResultOrientation.subjectOriented) = true

Both orientations are attested.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.subject_oriented_count : (List.filter (fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.CompoundEntry) => x.orientation == Causative.Resultatives.ResultOrientation.subjectOriented) Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allCompounds).length = 4

Four of eight compounds are subject-oriented.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.english_subject_result_requires_reflexive : ((List.filter (fun (x : ResultativeDatum) => x.resType == ResultativeType.fakeReflexive) allExamples).all fun (x : ResultativeDatum) => x.judgment == Core.Empirical.Acceptability.ok) = true

Contrast with English: the English data in Data.lean uses fake reflexives for subject-result patterns. All fake reflexives are grammatical, but require the reflexive pronoun.

V-V compounds are syntactically opaque; V-de is transparent

@cite{tay-2024}'s central structural prediction (Ch. 2 §2.1): because V-V compounds are built in morphology, their components are inaccessible to syntactic operations like independent modification. V-de resultatives, built in syntax, allow V1 and V2 to be independently modified.

Three kinds of independent modification tested:

• Locative: V1 modified by zài jiā lǐ "at home"
• Manner: V2 modified by mímíhūhūde "in a daze"
• Temporal: V2 modified by jīntiān "today"

Each test yields a minimal pair: V-de ✓, V-V ✗.

structure Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.OpacityDatum : Type

A syntactic opacity test datum.

• sentence : String
• construction : Causative.Resultatives.ResultativeRealization
• modTarget : String
• modifierType : String
• grammatical : Bool

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOpacityDatum.repr : OpacityDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOpacityDatum : Repr OpacityDatum

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOpacityDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOpacityDatum.repr }

instance Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOpacityDatum : BEq OpacityDatum

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOpacityDatum = { beq := Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOpacityDatum.beq }

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOpacityDatum.beq : OpacityDatum → OpacityDatum → Bool

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOpacityDatum.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.opacity_vde_v1_locative : OpacityDatum

V-de: V1 locatively modified — ✓. "The baby cried at home until the neighbours woke up."

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.opacity_vv_v1_locative : OpacityDatum

V-V: V1 locatively modified — ✗.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.opacity_vde_v2_manner : OpacityDatum

V-de: V2 manner-modified — ✓. "The baby cried and Mother woke up in a daze."

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.opacity_vv_v2_manner : OpacityDatum

V-V: V2 manner-modified — ✗.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.opacity_vde_v2_temporal : OpacityDatum

V-de: V2 temporally modified — ✓. "Mother sang (last night) until her throat became hoarse today."

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.opacity_vv_v2_temporal : OpacityDatum

V-V: V2 temporally modified — ✗.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.allOpacityData : List OpacityDatum

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theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.vde_allows_modification : ((List.filter (fun (x : OpacityDatum) => x.construction == Causative.Resultatives.ResultativeRealization.deComplement) allOpacityData).all fun (x : OpacityDatum) => x.grammatical) = true

V-de allows independent modification of components.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.vv_blocks_modification : ((List.filter (fun (x : OpacityDatum) => x.construction == Causative.Resultatives.ResultativeRealization.verbCompound) allOpacityData).all fun (x : OpacityDatum) => !x.grammatical) = true

V-V blocks independent modification of components.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.opacity_tracks_construction : (allOpacityData.all fun (d : OpacityDatum) => d.grammatical == (d.construction == Causative.Resultatives.ResultativeRealization.deComplement)) = true

Grammaticality of independent modification tracks construction type exactly: V-de → grammatical, V-V → ungrammatical.

The Onset Condition (@cite{tay-2024}, Ch. 3)

The external argument (CCF) of a transitive V-V resultative must be interpreted as a participant in the event denoted by V1: an agent, a subject matter, or a source. "Pure causers" — entities that plausibly cause V1's event but do not participate in it — are ungrammatical.

Key data:

• ✓ Zhāngsān dǎ-sǐ Lǐsì: Zhangsan = agent of hitting
• ✓ Movie kū-hóng eyes: movie = subject matter of crying
• ✓ Wine zuì-dǎo Zhangsan: wine = source of intoxication
• ✗ Onions kū-hóng eyes: onions = pure causer (not participant of crying)
• ✗ Boss zuì-dǎo subordinate: boss = agentive causer (not participant of becoming drunk)

The Onset Condition is derived from the data: grammaticality in every datum matches CcfRole.isV1Participant.

inductive Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.CcfRole : Type

How the external argument (CCF) relates to V1's event.

• agent : CcfRole
• subjectMatter : CcfRole
• source : CcfRole
• pureCauser : CcfRole

instance Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instDecidableEqCcfRole : DecidableEq CcfRole

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instDecidableEqCcfRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqCcfRole.beq : CcfRole → CcfRole → Bool

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqCcfRole.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqCcfRole : BEq CcfRole

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqCcfRole = { beq := Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqCcfRole.beq }

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprCcfRole.repr : CcfRole → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprCcfRole : Repr CcfRole

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprCcfRole = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprCcfRole.repr }

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.CcfRole.isV1Participant : CcfRole → Bool

A CCF is a participant of V1 iff it is an agent, subject matter, or source — NOT a pure causer.

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.CcfRole.agent.isV1Participant = true
• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.CcfRole.subjectMatter.isV1Participant = true
• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.CcfRole.source.isV1Participant = true
• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.CcfRole.pureCauser.isV1Participant = false

structure Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.OnsetDatum : Type

An Onset Condition test datum.

• sentence : String
• v1v2 : String
• ccfEntity : String
• ccfRole : CcfRole
• grammatical : Bool

instance Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOnsetDatum : Repr OnsetDatum

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOnsetDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOnsetDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instReprOnsetDatum.repr : OnsetDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOnsetDatum.beq : OnsetDatum → OnsetDatum → Bool

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOnsetDatum.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOnsetDatum : BEq OnsetDatum

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• Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOnsetDatum = { beq := Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.instBEqOnsetDatum.beq }

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_agent : OnsetDatum

Zhāngsān dǎ-sǐ-le Lǐsì: Zhangsan = agent of hitting. ✓

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_subj_matter_cry : OnsetDatum

Movie kū-hóng eyes: movie = subject matter of crying. ✓

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_subj_matter_laugh : OnsetDatum

Joke xiào-téng belly: joke = subject matter of laughing. ✓

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_source : OnsetDatum

Wine zuì-dǎo Zhangsan: wine = source of intoxication. ✓

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_pure_causer_onions : OnsetDatum

*Onions kū-hóng eyes: onions = pure causer (not participant of crying). ✗

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_pure_causer_gas : OnsetDatum

*Laughing gas xiào-téng belly: laughing gas = pure causer. ✗

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_agentive_causer : OnsetDatum

*Boss zuì-dǎo subordinate: boss = agentive causer (causes intoxication but doesn't participate in becoming-drunk). ✗

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.allOnsetData : List OnsetDatum

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theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_condition : (allOnsetData.all fun (d : OnsetDatum) => d.grammatical == d.ccfRole.isV1Participant) = true

The Onset Condition: grammaticality matches V1 participation in every datum. Derived from the data, not stipulated.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_grammatical_implies_participant : ((List.filter (fun (x : OnsetDatum) => x.grammatical) allOnsetData).all fun (x : OnsetDatum) => x.ccfRole.isV1Participant) = true

All grammatical onset examples have a V1-participating CCF.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.onset_nonparticipant_implies_ungrammatical : ((List.filter (fun (x : OnsetDatum) => !x.ccfRole.isV1Participant) allOnsetData).all fun (x : OnsetDatum) => !x.grammatical) = true

All V1-non-participants are ungrammatical.

Morphological structure: V1-∅-V2

@cite{tay-2024} proposes that V-V compounds have the morphological structure V1-∅-V2: the null affix ∅ inherits all of V2's arguments but none of V1's. We capture the binary V1-V2 compound using MorphWord.compound from WordStructure.lean.

V-V resultatives are synthetic compounds: their components stand in a predictable CAUSE relation. This contrasts with root compounds like cài-dāo "vegetable-knife" (= "a knife for cutting vegetables") whose semantic relation is idiosyncratic and must be listed in the lexicon (@cite{tay-2024}, Ch. 3 §3.1).

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.dasi_morph : Theories.Morphology.WordStructure.MorphWord

Morphological structure of dǎ-sǐ "hit-die".

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theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.dasi_is_compound : dasi_morph.isCompound = true

V-V compounds are recognized as compounds by isCompound.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.dasi_surface : dasi_morph.surface = "dasi"

Surface form is concatenation of V1 + V2.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.dasi_morpheme_count : dasi_morph.morphemeCount = 2

V-V compounds have exactly 2 morphemes.

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.kulei_morph : Theories.Morphology.WordStructure.MorphWord

Morphological structure of kū-lèi "cry-tired" (subject-oriented).

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theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.kulei_is_compound : kulei_morph.isCompound = true

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.kulei_surface : kulei_morph.surface = "kulei"

Causal dynamics for V-V compounds

Each V-V compound maps to a CausalDynamics where V1 directly causes V2. Direct causation = single causal law, no intermediate with an independent energy source. This is the same completesForEffect tightness constraint identified for English resultatives by @cite{levin-2019}.

def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.dasiModel : Core.StructuralEquationModel.CausalDynamics

dǎ-sǐ "hit-die": hitting → death. Direct causation.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.kuleiModel : Core.StructuralEquationModel.CausalDynamics

kū-lèi "cry-tired": crying → tired. Subject-oriented, direct.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.tuikaiModel : Core.StructuralEquationModel.CausalDynamics

tuī-kāi "push-open": pushing → open. Mandarin parallel to English "push X open".

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Sufficiency and tightness proofs

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.dasi_sufficient : Core.StructuralEquationModel.causallySufficient dasiModel Core.StructuralEquationModel.Situation.empty Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.hittingVar✝ Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.deathVar✝ = true

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.dasi_tight : Causative.Resultatives.completesForEffect dasiModel Core.StructuralEquationModel.Situation.empty Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.hittingVar✝ Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.deathVar✝ = true

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.kulei_sufficient : Core.StructuralEquationModel.causallySufficient kuleiModel Core.StructuralEquationModel.Situation.empty Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.cryingVar✝ Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.tiredVar✝ = true

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.kulei_tight : Causative.Resultatives.completesForEffect kuleiModel Core.StructuralEquationModel.Situation.empty Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.cryingVar✝ Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.tiredVar✝ = true

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.tuikai_tight : Causative.Resultatives.completesForEffect tuikaiModel Core.StructuralEquationModel.Situation.empty Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.pushingVar✝ Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.openVar✝ = true

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.all_compounds_single_law : ([dasiModel, kuleiModel, tuikaiModel].all fun (x : Core.StructuralEquationModel.CausalDynamics) => x.laws.length == 1) = true

All V-V compound models have exactly one law (direct causation).

Phase complement CoS bridge

Phase complement lexical entries live in Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives. Here we prove theorems connecting them to CoSType infrastructure.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.phase_covers_all_cos : (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allPhaseComplements.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.PhaseComplementEntry) => x.phase.cosType == Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType.inception) = true ∧ (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allPhaseComplements.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.PhaseComplementEntry) => x.phase.cosType == Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType.cessation) = true ∧ (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allPhaseComplements.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.PhaseComplementEntry) => x.phase.cosType == Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType.continuation) = true

Phase complements connect to all three CoS types.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.inceptive_phase_presup {W : Type u_1} (P : W → Bool) (w : W) : Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.priorStatePresup Causative.Resultatives.PhaseComplement.dao.cosType P w = !P w

The CoS presupposition for inceptive phase complements (dǎo, hǎo, diào): the result state was NOT holding before the event. Connects to priorStatePresup .inception P w = !P w from ChangeOfState.Theory.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.cessative_phase_presup {W : Type u_1} (P : W → Bool) : Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.priorStatePresup Causative.Resultatives.PhaseComplement.wan.cosType P = P

The CoS presupposition for the cessative phase complement (wán): the activity WAS happening before the event.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.continuation_phase_presup {W : Type u_1} (P : W → Bool) : Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.priorStatePresup Causative.Resultatives.PhaseComplement.zhu.cosType P = P

The continuation phase complement (zhù) presupposes P and asserts P.

All Mandarin compounds use verb-compound realization

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.all_compounds_are_verb_compounds : (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allCompounds.all fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.CompoundEntry) => x.realization == Causative.Resultatives.ResultativeRealization.verbCompound) = true

Constructional BECOME = inception

V-V resultative compounds, like English resultatives, have constructional BECOME mapping to CoSType.inception (¬P → P). V2 denotes the result state that newly obtains as a consequence of V1.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.vv_compound_become : Causative.Resultatives.resultStateMapsToCoS = Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType.inception

V-V resultative BECOME = inception, same as English.

End-to-end: the V-V compound resultative architecture

1. V1 denotes causing event, V2 denotes result state
2. Connected by direct CAUSE (single causal law, tight)
3. Morphologically realized as MorphWord.compound (V1-∅-V2)
4. Subject-oriented resultatives are productive (no DOR)
5. V-V is syntactically opaque; V-de is transparent
6. Onset Condition: CCF must be a V1 participant (derived from data)
7. Phase complements are a grammaticalized subset with fixed CoSType
8. Constructional BECOME = inception (shared with English)

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.vv_compound_architecture : Causative.Resultatives.completesForEffect dasiModel Core.StructuralEquationModel.Situation.empty Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.hittingVar✝ Phenomena.Constructions.Resultatives.Studies.Tay2024.deathVar✝ = true ∧ dasi_morph.isCompound = true ∧ (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allCompounds.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.CompoundEntry) => x.orientation == Causative.Resultatives.ResultOrientation.subjectOriented) = true ∧ (allOpacityData.all fun (d : OpacityDatum) => d.grammatical == (d.construction == Causative.Resultatives.ResultativeRealization.deComplement)) = true ∧ (allOnsetData.all fun (d : OnsetDatum) => d.grammatical == d.ccfRole.isV1Participant) = true ∧ (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allPhaseComplements.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.PhaseComplementEntry) => x.phase.cosType == Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType.inception) = true ∧ (Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.allPhaseComplements.any fun (x : Fragments.Mandarin.Resultatives.PhaseComplementEntry) => x.phase.cosType == Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType.cessation) = true ∧ Causative.Resultatives.resultStateMapsToCoS = Semantics.Lexical.Verb.ChangeOfState.CoSType.inception