@cite{mizuno-2024} — Crosslinguistic Data @cite{mizuno-2024}

Theory-neutral crosslinguistic data on Anderson conditional strategies from @cite{mizuno-2024} "Strategies for Anderson Conditionals", Semantics and @cite{iatridou-2000} Pragmatics 17(8): 1–14.

Key Empirical Generalizations

1. English requires X-marking: O-marking (present tense) renders Anderson conditionals trivially true (ex. 2–3).
2. Japanese requires O-marking: X-marking (Past tense in consequent) yields a counterfactual reading, not an Anderson reading (ex. 4b, 5b).
3. FLV correlation: Languages that lack X-marking for Anderson conditionals also lack X-marking for Future Less Vivid conditionals (§4.2).

Data Sources

• Examples (1)–(7) of @cite{mizuno-2024}
• Example (13a) for Mandarin
• §4.2 for FLV availability data

structure Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.AndersonDatum : Type

A datum for Anderson conditional strategies.

Each datum records how a language expresses (or fails to express) an Anderson conditional, and whether the resulting form is felicitous for the Anderson reading.

• language : String

  Language name

• exampleNumber : String

  Example number in @cite{mizuno-2024}

• antecedentForm : String

  Morphological form of the antecedent

• consequentForm : String

  Morphological form of the consequent

• hasXMarking : Bool

  Whether this datum uses X-marking (counterfactual morphology). Where X-marking surfaces varies by language: in English, both antecedent and consequent; in Japanese/Mandarin, the consequent.

• felicitousForAnderson : Bool

  Whether the form is felicitous for an Anderson reading

• gloss : String

  Gloss of the example

• translation : String

  English translation

def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprAndersonDatum.repr : AndersonDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprAndersonDatum : Repr AndersonDatum

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• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprAndersonDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprAndersonDatum.repr }

structure Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.FLVAvailabilityDatum : Type

A datum for FLV X-marking availability per language.

• language : String

  Language name

• xMarkingAvailable : Bool

  Whether X-marking is available for FLV conditionals

instance Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprFLVAvailabilityDatum : Repr FLVAvailabilityDatum

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• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprFLVAvailabilityDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprFLVAvailabilityDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.instReprFLVAvailabilityDatum.repr : FLVAvailabilityDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_xMarking : AndersonDatum

English Anderson conditional with X-marking (@cite{mizuno-2024}, ex. 1). @cite{anderson-1951}: "If Jones had taken arsenic, he would have shown exactly the symptoms he is actually showing."

X-marking in antecedent (past perfect) + "actually" in consequent accesses the actual world. Felicitous for Anderson reading.

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def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_oMarking : AndersonDatum

English Anderson conditional with O-marking (@cite{mizuno-2024}, ex. 2). "If Jones takes arsenic, he shows exactly the symptoms he is actually showing."

O-marking (present tense) renders the conditional trivially true: the modal base is not expanded, so the consequent holds in all accessible worlds. Not felicitous for Anderson reading.

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def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_oMarking : AndersonDatum

Japanese Anderson conditional with O-marking (@cite{mizuno-2024}, ex. 4a). Non-Past -ru in the consequent describes the actual world directly. Felicitous for Anderson reading.

Jones-ga ototoi hiso-o nom-eba, [kare-no zissai-no syozyoo-to mattaku onazi syozyoo-o mise-ru] (hazuda). 'If Jones had taken arsenic two days ago, he would have shown exactly the same symptoms as his actual symptoms.'

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def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_xMarking : AndersonDatum

Japanese Anderson conditional with X-marking (@cite{mizuno-2024}, ex. 4b). Past -ta in the consequent gives a counterfactual reading, NOT an Anderson reading. The sentence describes counterfactual symptoms, not the actual symptoms Jones is showing.

Jones-ga ototoi hiso-o nom-eba, [kare-no zissai-no syozyoo-to mattaku onazi syozyoo-o mise-ta] (hazuda). Same gloss but with Past -ta: yields CF reading only.

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def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_oMarking : AndersonDatum

Mandarin Anderson conditional with O-marking (@cite{mizuno-2024}, ex. 13a). No perfective aspect le in the consequent → Anderson reading available.

Ruguo Jones zuotian he le pishuang, jiu hui chuxian ta xianzai shiji chuxian de zheyangde zhengzhuang. 'If Jones had drunk arsenic yesterday, he would show exactly the symptoms he is actually showing.'

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def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_xMarking : AndersonDatum

Mandarin Anderson conditional with X-marking (@cite{mizuno-2024}, ex. 13a). Perfective aspect le in the consequent blocks the Anderson reading.

Ruguo Jones zuotian he le pishuang, jiu hui chuxian ta xianzai shiji chuxian de zheyangde zhengzhuang #le. With final le: infelicitous for Anderson reading.

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def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_flv : FLVAvailabilityDatum

English: X-marking available for FLV.

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• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_flv = { language := "English", xMarkingAvailable := true }

def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_flv : FLVAvailabilityDatum

Japanese: X-marking NOT available for FLV.

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• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_flv = { language := "Japanese", xMarkingAvailable := false }

def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_flv : FLVAvailabilityDatum

Mandarin: X-marking NOT available for FLV.

Equations

• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_flv = { language := "Mandarin", xMarkingAvailable := false }

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.xMarking_felicity : english_xMarking.felicitousForAnderson = true ∧ japanese_xMarking.felicitousForAnderson = false ∧ mandarin_xMarking.felicitousForAnderson = false

X-marking is felicitous for Anderson in English but not Japanese or Mandarin.

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.oMarking_felicity : english_oMarking.felicitousForAnderson = false ∧ japanese_oMarking.felicitousForAnderson = true ∧ mandarin_oMarking.felicitousForAnderson = true

O-marking is felicitous for Anderson in Japanese and Mandarin but not English.

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.complementary_strategies : english_xMarking.felicitousForAnderson ≠ english_oMarking.felicitousForAnderson ∧ japanese_oMarking.felicitousForAnderson ≠ japanese_xMarking.felicitousForAnderson ∧ mandarin_oMarking.felicitousForAnderson ≠ mandarin_xMarking.felicitousForAnderson

Each language has exactly one felicitous strategy for Anderson conditionals.

def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_strategy : Semantics.Conditionals.Anderson.MarkingStrategy

English uses X-marking for Anderson conditionals: X-marking is felicitous (ex. 1), O-marking is not (ex. 2–3).

Equations

• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_strategy = Semantics.Conditionals.Anderson.MarkingStrategy.xMarking

def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_strategy : Semantics.Conditionals.Anderson.MarkingStrategy

Japanese uses O-marking for Anderson conditionals: O-marking is felicitous (ex. 4a), X-marking is not (ex. 4b).

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• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_strategy = Semantics.Conditionals.Anderson.MarkingStrategy.oMarking

def Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_strategy : Semantics.Conditionals.Anderson.MarkingStrategy

Mandarin uses O-marking for Anderson conditionals: O-marking is felicitous (ex. 13a without le), X-marking is not (ex. 13a with le).

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• Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_strategy = Semantics.Conditionals.Anderson.MarkingStrategy.oMarking

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_strategy_matches : english_strategy.hasXMarking = english_xMarking.hasXMarking

English: strategy predicts X-marking = felicitous datum's marking.

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_strategy_matches : japanese_strategy.hasXMarking = japanese_oMarking.hasXMarking

Japanese: strategy predicts no X-marking = felicitous datum's marking.

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_strategy_matches : mandarin_strategy.hasXMarking = mandarin_oMarking.hasXMarking

Mandarin: strategy predicts no X-marking = felicitous datum's marking.

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_xMarking_has_xMarking : english_xMarking.hasXMarking = true

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_oMarking_no_xMarking : english_oMarking.hasXMarking = false

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_oMarking_no_xMarking : japanese_oMarking.hasXMarking = false

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_xMarking_has_xMarking : japanese_xMarking.hasXMarking = true

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_oMarking_no_xMarking : mandarin_oMarking.hasXMarking = false

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_xMarking_has_xMarking : mandarin_xMarking.hasXMarking = true

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.english_flv_correlation : english_strategy.flvXMarkingAvailable = english_flv.xMarkingAvailable

English: X-marking for Anderson ↔ X-marking for FLV.

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.japanese_flv_correlation : japanese_strategy.flvXMarkingAvailable = japanese_flv.xMarkingAvailable

Japanese: no X-marking for Anderson ↔ no X-marking for FLV.

theorem Phenomena.Conditionals.Studies.Mizuno2024.mandarin_flv_correlation : mandarin_strategy.flvXMarkingAvailable = mandarin_flv.xMarkingAvailable

Mandarin: no X-marking for Anderson ↔ no X-marking for FLV.