Muñoz @cite{munoz-perez-2026} — Empirical Data

@cite{munoz-perez-2026}

Grammaticality judgments from Muñoz @cite{munoz-perez-2026} "Stylistic applicatives: A lens into the nature of anticausative SE" (Glossa 11(1)).

Key Data Points

1. Three-way synonymy (exx. 7–18): For marked anticausatives with 1SG/2SG dative, three clitic patterns are interchangeable:

   • SE + CL_dat: se me rompió "it broke on me"
   • CL_dat + LE: me le rompió
   • SE + CL_dat + LE: se me le rompió

2. Person restriction (exx. 15–19): Stylistic LE is available only with 1SG (me) and 2SG (te), not 3SG (le), 1PL (nos), 2/3PL (les).

3. Marking restriction (exx. 39–40): Stylistic LE requires SE-marked (or optionally SE-marked) anticausatives. Unmarked anticausatives (mejorar) block it.

inductive Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.Acceptability : Type

Acceptability status for Chilean Spanish judgments.

• grammatical : Acceptability
• ungrammatical : Acceptability
• marginal : Acceptability

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqAcceptability : DecidableEq Acceptability

Equations

• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqAcceptability x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqAcceptability : BEq Acceptability

Equations

• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqAcceptability = { beq := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqAcceptability.beq }

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqAcceptability.beq : Acceptability → Acceptability → Bool

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqAcceptability.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprAcceptability : Repr Acceptability

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprAcceptability = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprAcceptability.repr }

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprAcceptability.repr : Acceptability → ℕ → Std.Format

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inductive Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.CliticPattern : Type

A clitic pattern in an anticausative construction.

• se_cl : CliticPattern
• cl_le : CliticPattern
• se_cl_le : CliticPattern

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqCliticPattern : DecidableEq CliticPattern

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqCliticPattern x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqCliticPattern.beq : CliticPattern → CliticPattern → Bool

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqCliticPattern.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqCliticPattern : BEq CliticPattern

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqCliticPattern = { beq := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqCliticPattern.beq }

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern.repr : CliticPattern → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern : Repr CliticPattern

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprCliticPattern.repr }

inductive Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.DativeCliticPerson : Type

Person of the dative clitic.

• first_sg : DativeCliticPerson
• second_sg : DativeCliticPerson
• third_sg : DativeCliticPerson
• first_pl : DativeCliticPerson
• third_pl : DativeCliticPerson

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqDativeCliticPerson : DecidableEq DativeCliticPerson

Equations

• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instDecidableEqDativeCliticPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqDativeCliticPerson.beq : DativeCliticPerson → DativeCliticPerson → Bool

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqDativeCliticPerson.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqDativeCliticPerson : BEq DativeCliticPerson

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqDativeCliticPerson = { beq := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqDativeCliticPerson.beq }

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson.repr : DativeCliticPerson → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson : Repr DativeCliticPerson

Equations

• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprDativeCliticPerson.repr }

structure Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.Judgment : Type

A single grammaticality judgment from the paper.

• exNumber : String

  Example number in the paper

• verb : String

  The verb

• pattern : CliticPattern

  The clitic pattern

• dativePerson : DativeCliticPerson

  Person of the dative clitic

• acceptability : Acceptability

  Acceptability

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment.repr : Judgment → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment : Repr Judgment

Equations

• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instReprJudgment.repr }

instance Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment : BEq Judgment

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment = { beq := Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment.beq }

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment.beq : Judgment → Judgment → Bool

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• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.instBEqJudgment.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.romper_se_me : Judgment

romper "break" with 1SG dative: all three patterns OK.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.romper_me_le : Judgment

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.romper_se_me_le : Judgment

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.hundir_se_me : Judgment

hundir "sink" with 1SG dative.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.hundir_me_le : Judgment

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.caer_se_me : Judgment

caer "fall" with 1SG dative.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.caer_me_le : Judgment

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.morir_se_me : Judgment

morir "die" with 1SG dative.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.morir_me_le : Judgment

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_1sg : Judgment

1SG: stylistic LE is OK.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_2sg : Judgment

2SG: stylistic LE is OK.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_3sg : Judgment

3SG: stylistic LE is BLOCKED.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_1pl : Judgment

1PL: stylistic LE is BLOCKED.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_3pl : Judgment

3PL: stylistic LE is BLOCKED.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.personRestrictionData : List Judgment

Person restriction data collected.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.quebrar_le : Judgment

quebrar (marked SE) licenses stylistic LE.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.mejorar_le : Judgment

mejorar (unmarked) does NOT license stylistic LE.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.hervir_le : Judgment

hervir (optional SE) DOES license stylistic LE.

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theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.three_way_all_grammatical : (romper_se_me.acceptability == Acceptability.grammatical && romper_me_le.acceptability == Acceptability.grammatical && romper_se_me_le.acceptability == Acceptability.grammatical) = true

All three-way synonymy patterns are grammatical for 1SG.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_restriction_data : (List.filter (fun (x : Judgment) => x.acceptability == Acceptability.grammatical) personRestrictionData).length = 2

Person restriction: exactly 1SG and 2SG are grammatical.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_restriction_blocked : (List.filter (fun (x : Judgment) => x.acceptability == Acceptability.ungrammatical) personRestrictionData).length = 3

Person restriction: exactly 3SG, 1PL, 3PL are ungrammatical.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.marking_restriction : (quebrar_le.acceptability == Acceptability.grammatical && hervir_le.acceptability == Acceptability.grammatical && mejorar_le.acceptability == Acceptability.ungrammatical) = true

Marking restriction: marked/optional → OK, unmarked → blocked.

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.spanishFissionRule : Minimalism.Morphology.FissionRule Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory

The stylistic applicative Fission rule for Chilean Spanish. Instantiates the generic Fission framework with Spanish-specific data:

• Context: inchoative (vGO ∧ vBE)
• Person: [+PART, +SING] (1SG or 2SG)
• Realization: Cl₁ = me/te (from [±AUTHOR]), Cl₂ = le (invariable)

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.spanishAnticausativePF : Minimalism.Morphology.PFMarkingCondition

Muñoz @cite{munoz-perez-2026}: Non-thematic Voice must be overtly marked by a reflexive-like element at PF.

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def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.applySpanishFission (p : Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory) (heads : List Minimalism.VerbHead) : Option Minimalism.Morphology.FissionOutput

Apply the Spanish stylistic applicative Fission rule.

Equations

• Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.applySpanishFission p heads = Minimalism.Morphology.applyFission Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.spanishFissionRule p heads

def Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.spanishFissionSatisfiesPF (p : Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory) (heads : List Minimalism.VerbHead) : Bool

Check whether the Spanish Fission output satisfies the anticausative PF marking condition, making overt SE optional.

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theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.fission_person_restriction : Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 = true ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s2 = true ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s3 = false ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.minIncl = false ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.augIncl = false ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.excl = false ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.secondGrp = false ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.thirdGrp = false

Fission applies only to 1SG and 2SG. DERIVED from [+PARTICIPANT, +SINGULAR] feature condition.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.person_restriction_matches_data : Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 = true ∧ person_1sg.acceptability = Acceptability.grammatical ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s2 = true ∧ person_2sg.acceptability = Acceptability.grammatical ∧ Fragments.Spanish.PersonFeatures.fissionApplicable Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s3 = false ∧ person_3sg.acceptability = Acceptability.ungrammatical

The person restriction matches the empirical data: Fission applies ↔ stylistic LE is grammatical.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.stylLE_requires_inchoative : (applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE]).isSome = true ∧ (applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vDO]).isSome = false ∧ (applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vDO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE]).isSome = false

Stylistic LE requires inchoative context (vGO ∧ vBE). DERIVED from Fission's structural context condition.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.stylLE_verbs_inchoative : ((List.filter (fun (x : Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => x.licensesStylLE) Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.allVerbs).all fun (v : Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => Minimalism.isInchoative v.verbHead) = true

Every verb that licenses stylistic LE has inchoative structure. DERIVED from the verb fragment.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.unmarked_blocks_stylLE : Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.mejorar.anticausativeMarking = Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.unmarked ∧ Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.mejorar.licensesStylLE = false

Unmarked anticausatives block stylistic LE. DERIVED from the verb fragment: mejorar is unmarked and blocks LE.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.marked_licenses_stylLE : Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.quebrar.anticausativeMarking = Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.marked ∧ Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.quebrar.licensesStylLE = true

Marked anticausatives license stylistic LE.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.optional_licenses_stylLE : Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hervir.anticausativeMarking = Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.optional ∧ Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hervir.licensesStylLE = true

Optional SE-marking also licenses stylistic LE.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.blocking_verbs_all_unmarked : ((List.filter (fun (x : Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => !x.licensesStylLE) Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.allVerbs).all fun (v : Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.SpanishVerbEntry) => v.anticausativeMarking == Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.AnticausativeMarking.unmarked) = true

All verbs blocking stylistic LE are unmarked. DERIVED from the fragment data.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.se_optional_1sg : spanishFissionSatisfiesPF Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE] = true

When Fission applies, the output clitic satisfies the PF marking condition (syncretic with reflexive), making SE optional.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.se_optional_2sg : spanishFissionSatisfiesPF Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s2 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE] = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.syncretism_aligns_with_fission : Fragments.Spanish.Clitics.datReflSyncretic UD.Person.first UD.Number.Sing = true ∧ Fragments.Spanish.Clitics.datReflSyncretic UD.Person.second UD.Number.Sing = true ∧ Fragments.Spanish.Clitics.datReflSyncretic UD.Person.third UD.Number.Sing = false

The DAT-REFL syncretism that enables SE-optionality is present for exactly the persons where Fission applies.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.voice_semantically_vacuous : Minimalism.voiceAnticausative.hasSemantics = false

The three clitic patterns (SE+CL, CL+LE, SE+CL+LE) are semantically identical because non-thematic Voice contributes no semantics. SE is purely a PF marker — its presence or absence is phonological, not semantic.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.three_way_synonymy_from_vacuity : romper_se_me.acceptability = Acceptability.grammatical ∧ romper_me_le.acceptability = Acceptability.grammatical ∧ romper_se_me_le.acceptability = Acceptability.grammatical ∧ Minimalism.voiceAnticausative.hasSemantics = false

The empirical three-way synonymy follows: since Voice has no semantics, adding or removing SE doesn't change meaning.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.fission_1sg_inchoative : applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE] = some { cl1Form := "me", cl2Form := "le" }

Fission applies to 1SG in inchoative context.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.fission_2sg_inchoative : applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s2 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE] = some { cl1Form := "te", cl2Form := "le" }

Fission applies to 2SG in inchoative context.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.fission_blocked_3sg : applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s3 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE] = none

Fission does NOT apply to 3SG (not [+PART]).

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.fission_blocked_activity : applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vDO] = none

Fission does NOT apply in non-inchoative context (activity).

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.fission_blocked_causative : applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vDO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE] = none

Fission does NOT apply in causative context (has vDO).

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.cl1_1sg_is_me : Option.map (fun (x : Minimalism.Morphology.FissionOutput) => x.cl1Form) (applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "me"

1SG Cl₁ is "me" (reflects [+AUTHOR]).

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.cl1_2sg_is_te : Option.map (fun (x : Minimalism.Morphology.FissionOutput) => x.cl1Form) (applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s2 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "te"

2SG Cl₁ is "te" (reflects [-AUTHOR]).

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.cl2_invariable : Option.map (fun (x : Minimalism.Morphology.FissionOutput) => x.cl2Form) (applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s1 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "le" ∧ Option.map (fun (x : Minimalism.Morphology.FissionOutput) => x.cl2Form) (applySpanishFission Core.PersonCategory.PersonCategory.s2 [Minimalism.VerbHead.vGO, Minimalism.VerbHead.vBE]) = some "le"

Cl₂ is always invariable "le".

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.abrir_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.abrir.verbHead = true

Each verb individually checked against the inchoative requirement.

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.romper_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.romper.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.hundir_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hundir.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.caer_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.caer.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.morir_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.morir.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.quebrar_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.quebrar.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.hervir_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.hervir.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.olvidar_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.olvidar.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.ocurrir_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.ocurrir.verbHead = true

theorem Phenomena.Causatives.Studies.MunozPerez2026.mejorar_inchoative : Minimalism.isInchoative Fragments.Spanish.Predicates.mejorar.verbHead = true