@cite{turco-braun-dimroth-2014} — Production Data

@cite{turco-braun-dimroth-2014}

Empirical data from @cite{turco-braun-dimroth-2014}, who compare how Dutch and German speakers produce polarity-switch utterances (negation → affirmation) in contrast vs. correction contexts.

Key Findings

1. Dutch uses the affirmative particle wel as its dominant strategy (88% in contrast, 63% in correction).
2. German uses Verum focus (pitch accent on finite verb) as its dominant strategy (82% in contrast, 78% in correction).
3. German has zero sentence-internal polarity particles.
4. Correction contexts elicit more prosodic prominence than contrast contexts (German VF pitch range: 5.3 vs. 3.1 semitones, β = 1.85, p < .0001).

Data Sources

• Figures 2 & 6 (production strategy distributions)
• Table/statistics for German VF pitch range by context

Types

inductive Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.Language : Type

Languages compared in the study.

• dutch : Language
• german : Language

instance Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instDecidableEqLanguage : DecidableEq Language

Equations

• Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instDecidableEqLanguage x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instReprLanguage.repr : Language → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instReprLanguage : Repr Language

Equations

• Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instReprLanguage = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instReprLanguage.repr }

instance Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqLanguage : BEq Language

Equations

• Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqLanguage = { beq := Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqLanguage.beq }

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqLanguage.beq : Language → Language → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqLanguage.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

structure Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.ProductionDatum : Type

A production-strategy distribution datum (percentages as rationals). The distribution is keyed by PolarityMarkingStrategy, so adding a strategy constructor forces updating every datum.

• language : Language
• context : Core.InformationStructure.PolaritySwitchContext
• pctByStrategy : Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy → ℚ

  Percentage of trials per strategy

structure Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.ProminenceDatum : Type

A prosodic prominence datum (pitch range in semitones).

• context : Core.InformationStructure.PolaritySwitchContext
• pitchRangeST : ℚ

  Pitch range in semitones

• beta : ℚ

  Regression coefficient

• se : ℚ

  Standard error

• pValue : ℚ

  p-value (encoded as rational for decidable comparison)

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instReprProminenceDatum.repr : ProminenceDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instReprProminenceDatum : Repr ProminenceDatum

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqProminenceDatum.beq : ProminenceDatum → ProminenceDatum → Bool

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqProminenceDatum.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqProminenceDatum : BEq ProminenceDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqProminenceDatum = { beq := Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.instBEqProminenceDatum.beq }

Production Strategy Data (Fig. 2)

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.dutchContrast : ProductionDatum

Dutch contrast: 88% particle, 0% VF, 5% other, 7% unmarked

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.dutchCorrection : ProductionDatum

Dutch correction: 63% particle, 5% VF, 7% other, 25% unmarked

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.germanContrast : ProductionDatum

German contrast: 0% particle, 82% VF, 0% other, 18% unmarked

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.germanCorrection : ProductionDatum

German correction: 0% particle, 78% VF, 8% other, 14% unmarked

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.allProductionData : List ProductionDatum

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Prosodic Prominence Data (Fig. 6)

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.germanVFContrast : ProminenceDatum

German VF pitch range in contrast: 3.1 semitones

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.germanVFCorrection : ProminenceDatum

German VF pitch range in correction: 5.3 semitones (β=1.85, SE=0.39, p<.0001)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Verification Theorems — Dominant Strategies

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.dutch_contrast_particle_dominant (s : Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy) : s ≠ Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.particle → dutchContrast.pctByStrategy Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.particle > dutchContrast.pctByStrategy s

Dutch dominant strategy is particles in contrast.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.dutch_correction_particle_dominant (s : Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy) : s ≠ Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.particle → dutchCorrection.pctByStrategy Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.particle > dutchCorrection.pctByStrategy s

Dutch dominant strategy is particles in correction.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.german_contrast_vf_dominant (s : Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy) : s ≠ Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.verumFocus → germanContrast.pctByStrategy Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.verumFocus > germanContrast.pctByStrategy s

German dominant strategy is Verum focus in contrast.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.german_correction_vf_dominant (s : Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy) : s ≠ Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.verumFocus → germanCorrection.pctByStrategy Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.verumFocus > germanCorrection.pctByStrategy s

German dominant strategy is Verum focus in correction.

Verification Theorems — German Zero Particles

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.german_contrast_no_particles : germanContrast.pctByStrategy Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.particle = 0

German has zero sentence-internal particles in contrast.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.german_correction_no_particles : germanCorrection.pctByStrategy Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.particle = 0

German has zero sentence-internal particles in correction.

Verification Theorems — Prosodic Prominence

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.correction_more_prominent : germanVFCorrection.pitchRangeST > germanVFContrast.pitchRangeST

Correction elicits more prosodic prominence than contrast on German VF.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.correction_prominence_significant : germanVFCorrection.pValue < 5 / 100

The correction–contrast difference is significant (p < .05).

Bridge Theorems — Fragment Connections

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.dominant_strategies_both_marked : Fragments.Dutch.Particles.wel.strategy ≠ Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.unmarked ∧ Fragments.German.PolarityMarking.verumFocus.strategy ≠ Core.InformationStructure.PolarityMarkingStrategy.unmarked

Neither Dutch wel nor German VF maps to .unmarked: both languages have overt polarity-marking strategies.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.strategies_differ : Fragments.Dutch.Particles.wel.strategy ≠ Fragments.German.PolarityMarking.verumFocus.strategy

Dutch wel and German VF instantiate different strategy types.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.dutch_particle_internal_german_doch_not : Fragments.Dutch.Particles.wel.sentenceInternal = true ∧ Fragments.German.PolarityMarking.dochPreUtterance.sentenceInternal = false

Dutch wel is sentence-internal; German doch is not. This captures the key typological contrast: Dutch has a sentence-internal particle for polarity switches, German does not.

theorem Phenomena.Focus.AdditiveParticles.Studies.TurcoBraunDimroth2014.both_strategies_context_general : (Fragments.Dutch.Particles.wel.contrastOk = true ∧ Fragments.Dutch.Particles.wel.correctionOk = true) ∧ Fragments.German.PolarityMarking.verumFocus.contrastOk = true ∧ Fragments.German.PolarityMarking.verumFocus.correctionOk = true

Both Dutch wel and German VF are available in both contexts.