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Linglib.Phenomena.Ellipsis.Studies.Steedman2000Gapping

CCG Gapping Bridge #

@cite{ross-1970} @cite{steedman-2000}

Connects CCG category theory (from Theories.Syntax.CCG.Gapping) to empirical gapping data (from Phenomena.Ellipsis.Gapping).

Proves that:

  1. Gapping direction follows from lexical verb categories and word order
  2. Ross's generalization emerges from CCG's Principles of Consistency and Inheritance
  3. Dutch allows both gapping directions due to mixed word order
source
def Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.hasBackwardRaising :
Gapping.WordOrder → Bool

Can arguments type-raise to backward categories (T(T/NP))? This requires VSO/SVO verbs in the language.

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    def Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.hasForwardRaising :
    Gapping.WordOrder → Bool

    Can arguments type-raise to forward categories (T/(T\NP))? This requires SOV/OVS verbs in the language.

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      def Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.predictedGappingPattern (order : Gapping.WordOrder) :
      Gapping.GappingPattern

      Gapping direction follows from available type-raised categories.

      Forward gapping: gapped conjunct is leftward-looking (needs verb to left) -> requires backward type-raising (T(T/NP)) -> requires VSO/SVO verbs

      Backward gapping: gapped conjunct is rightward-looking (needs verb to right) -> requires forward type-raising (T/(T\NP)) -> requires SOV verbs

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        theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.ross_from_ccg_principles (order : Gapping.WordOrder) :
        predictedGappingPattern order = Gapping.rossOriginal order

        Ross's generalization emerges from CCG's Principles of Consistency and Inheritance.

        The gapped conjunct's directionality is determined by:

        1. What type-raised categories are available (from verb categories)
        2. What composition rules preserve those directions

        This follows from the grammar rather than being stipulated.

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        theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.svo_patterns_with_vso :
        predictedGappingPattern Gapping.WordOrder.SVO = predictedGappingPattern Gapping.WordOrder.VSO

        SVO patterns with VSO (forward gapping), not SOV (backward gapping).

        This is because SVO verbs ((S\NP)/NP) allow backward type-raising, which produces leftward-looking gapped constituents.

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        theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.no_backward_gapping_in_english :
        hasForwardRaising Gapping.WordOrder.SVO = false

        English has no SOV verb category, so forward type-raising is not available.

        Without T/(T\NP), we cannot build a rightward-looking gapped conjunct. Hence "*Warren, potatoes and Dexter ate bread" is ungrammatical.

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        def Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.dutchProfile :
        Gapping.WordOrderProfile

        Dutch has both VSO main verbs and SOV subordinate verbs. Therefore, Dutch licenses both type-raising directions.

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          theorem Phenomena.Ellipsis.CCG_GappingBridge.dutch_allows_both_gapping :
          (Gapping.rossRevised dutchProfile).allowsForward = true ∧ (Gapping.rossRevised dutchProfile).allowsBackward = true

          Dutch allows both forward and backward gapping.