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Linglib.Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995

PVC — Small Clause Bridge #

@cite{dendikken-1995} @cite{baker-1988}Connects particle verb construction data to the SC predication analysis. @cite{dendikken-1995} analyzes particles as P heads of small clauses: V [SC DP Prt]. The particle predicates a result state/location of the DP subject.

Particle shift as head movement #

The two surface orders are derived from the same underlying SC:

  1. Split (V DP Prt): DP moves out of SC to Spec,VP for Case
  2. Continuous (V Prt DP): P incorporates into V (head-to-head movement), forming a complex head [V V+P]

The pronoun constraint follows: pronouns are obligatorily "light" and must move for Case, forcing split order. Heavy DPs resist movement, preferring continuous order (P incorporates instead).

Cross-references #

§1. Particles as P heads of small clauses #

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def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.pvToSmallClause (pv : ParticleVerb) (dpId prtId : ℕ) :
Minimalism.SmallClause

A particle verb as a small clause: the particle (P) is the predicate, the DP object is the subject.

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    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.pvc_pred_is_P (pv : ParticleVerb) (dpId prtId : ℕ) :
    (pvToSmallClause pv dpId prtId).predCat = Minimalism.SCPredCategory.P

    All PVC small clauses have predicate category P.

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    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.particle_cat_matches_pred :
    Minimalism.SCPredCategory.P.toCat = Minimalism.Cat.P

    The particle's syntactic category matches SC predicate category P.

    §2. Particle incorporation (P-to-V head movement) #

    @cite{dendikken-1995}: particle shift derived by P-to-V incorporation. The particle head moves to V, forming a complex head [V lift+up]. This uses formComplexLI from HeadMovement.Basic, connecting PVCs to the head movement typology.

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    def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.V_lift_tok :
    Minimalism.LIToken
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      def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.Prt_up_tok :
      Minimalism.LIToken
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        def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.V_plus_Prt :
        Minimalism.LIToken

        P-to-V incorporation: particle head moves to V, forming [V lift+up].

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          theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.incorporation_yields_complex :
          V_plus_Prt.item.isComplex = true

          The incorporated head is complex (result of head movement).

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          theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.incorporation_outer_is_V :
          V_plus_Prt.item.outerCat = Minimalism.Cat.V

          The outer category of the complex head is V (verb reprojects).

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          theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.incorporation_preserves_id :
          V_plus_Prt.id = V_lift_tok.id

          Incorporation preserves verb identity (target's id).

          §3. Derivation of particle shift #

          Two derivations from the same underlying SC V [SC DP Prt]:

          1. DP movement: DP moves out of SC to Spec,VP → V DP Prt (split)
          2. P incorporation: P incorporates into V → V+P DP (continuous)

          The pronoun constraint follows: pronouns must move for Case (light elements always raise), forcing split order. Heavy DPs resist movement, preferring continuous order (P incorporates instead).

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          inductive Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.PVCDerivation :
          Type

          Derivation type for particle shift.

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            instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.instDecidableEqPVCDerivation :
            DecidableEq PVCDerivation
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            instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.instBEqPVCDerivation :
            BEq PVCDerivation
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            def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.instBEqPVCDerivation.beq :
            PVCDerivation → PVCDerivation → Bool
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              instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.instReprPVCDerivation :
              Repr PVCDerivation
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              def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.instReprPVCDerivation.repr :
              PVCDerivation → ℕ → Std.Format
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                def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.PVCDerivation.surfaceOrder :
                PVCDerivation → PVCOrder

                Map derivation type to surface order.

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                  def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.weightToDerivation :
                  DPWeight → Option PVCDerivation

                  Map DP weight to forced derivation (if any). Pronouns: obligatory DP movement (must raise for Case). Heavy DPs: preferred P incorporation (DP too heavy to move). Light DPs: either derivation available.

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                    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.pronoun_derivation_is_split :
                    Option.map PVCDerivation.surfaceOrder (weightToDerivation DPWeight.pronoun) = some PVCOrder.split

                    Pronoun derivation forces split order.

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                    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.heavy_derivation_is_continuous :
                    Option.map PVCDerivation.surfaceOrder (weightToDerivation DPWeight.heavy) = some PVCOrder.continuous

                    Heavy DP derivation forces continuous order.

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                    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.light_no_forced_derivation :
                    weightToDerivation DPWeight.light = none

                    Light DPs have no forced derivation — both orders available.

                    §4. Bridge to empirical data #

                    Connecting derivation predictions to the attested judgments from Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Data.

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                    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.pronoun_prediction_matches_data :
                    pronoun_split.judgment = true ∧ pronoun_continuous.judgment = false ∧ Option.map PVCDerivation.surfaceOrder (weightToDerivation DPWeight.pronoun) = some PVCOrder.split

                    Pronoun prediction matches data: split OK, continuous bad.

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                    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.heavy_prediction_matches_data :
                    heavy_continuous.judgment = true ∧ heavy_split.judgment = false ∧ Option.map PVCDerivation.surfaceOrder (weightToDerivation DPWeight.heavy) = some PVCOrder.continuous

                    Heavy NP prediction matches data: continuous OK, split bad.

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                    theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995.light_prediction_matches_data :
                    light_split.judgment = true ∧ light_continuous.judgment = true ∧ weightToDerivation DPWeight.light = none

                    Light NPs allow both: no forced derivation, both judgments positive.