Particle Verb Constructions — Empirical Data

@cite{dendikken-1995} @cite{johnson-1991}

Theory-neutral data on English verb-particle constructions (VPCs / PVCs), including particle shift alternation and its constraints.

Phenomena covered

1. Particle shift alternation: continuous ("lifted up Hsu") vs split ("lifted Hsu up")
2. Pronoun constraint: pronouns force split order (*"lifted up her" vs "lifted her up")
3. Heavy NP constraint: heavy NPs force continuous order ("lifted up the box that was on the table")

Particle verb inventory

structure Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.ParticleVerb : Type

A particle verb entry: verb + particle + gloss.

• verb : String
• particle : String
• meaning : String

instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleVerb : Repr ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleVerb = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleVerb.repr }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleVerb.repr : ParticleVerb → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqParticleVerb : DecidableEq ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqParticleVerb = Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqParticleVerb.decEq

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqParticleVerb.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : ParticleVerb) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleVerb : BEq ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleVerb = { beq := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleVerb.beq }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleVerb.beq : ParticleVerb → ParticleVerb → Bool

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• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleVerb.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.pick_up : ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.pick_up = { verb := "pick", particle := "up", meaning := "lift / collect" }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.lift_up : ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.lift_up = { verb := "lift", particle := "up", meaning := "raise" }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.throw_out : ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.throw_out = { verb := "throw", particle := "out", meaning := "discard" }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.put_down : ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.put_down = { verb := "put", particle := "down", meaning := "set down" }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.call_off : ParticleVerb

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.call_off = { verb := "call", particle := "off", meaning := "cancel" }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.inventory : List ParticleVerb

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Particle shift alternation

inductive Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.PVCOrder : Type

Word order of verb, particle, and direct object.

• continuous : PVCOrder
• split : PVCOrder

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprPVCOrder.repr : PVCOrder → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprPVCOrder : Repr PVCOrder

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprPVCOrder = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprPVCOrder.repr }

instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqPVCOrder : DecidableEq PVCOrder

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqPVCOrder x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqPVCOrder.beq : PVCOrder → PVCOrder → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqPVCOrder.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqPVCOrder : BEq PVCOrder

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqPVCOrder = { beq := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqPVCOrder.beq }

inductive Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.DPWeight : Type

DP weight category, relevant to particle shift constraints.

• pronoun : DPWeight
• light : DPWeight
• heavy : DPWeight

instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprDPWeight : Repr DPWeight

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprDPWeight = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprDPWeight.repr }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprDPWeight.repr : DPWeight → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqDPWeight : DecidableEq DPWeight

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instDecidableEqDPWeight x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqDPWeight : BEq DPWeight

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqDPWeight = { beq := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqDPWeight.beq }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqDPWeight.beq : DPWeight → DPWeight → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqDPWeight.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

structure Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.ParticleShiftDatum : Type

A single particle shift datum: a ⟨verb, order, DP weight, judgment⟩ tuple.

• pv : ParticleVerb
• order : PVCOrder
• dpWeight : DPWeight
• judgment : Bool
• sentence : String

instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleShiftDatum : Repr ParticleShiftDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleShiftDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleShiftDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instReprParticleShiftDatum.repr : ParticleShiftDatum → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleShiftDatum : BEq ParticleShiftDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleShiftDatum = { beq := Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleShiftDatum.beq }

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleShiftDatum.beq : ParticleShiftDatum → ParticleShiftDatum → Bool

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• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.instBEqParticleShiftDatum.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

Core particle shift data

def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.pronoun_split : ParticleShiftDatum

Pronouns force split order.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.pronoun_continuous : ParticleShiftDatum

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def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.light_split : ParticleShiftDatum

Light NPs allow both orders.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.light_continuous : ParticleShiftDatum

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def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.heavy_continuous : ParticleShiftDatum

Heavy NPs prefer continuous order.

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def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.heavy_split : ParticleShiftDatum

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def Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.shiftData : List ParticleShiftDatum

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Verification theorems

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.pronoun_forces_split : pronoun_split.judgment = true ∧ pronoun_continuous.judgment = false

Pronouns force split: split OK, continuous bad.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.light_allows_both : light_split.judgment = true ∧ light_continuous.judgment = true

Light NPs allow both orders.

theorem Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.heavy_disprefers_split : heavy_continuous.judgment = true ∧ heavy_split.judgment = false

Heavy NPs disprefer split.