Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Swahili.Relativization

Swahili Relativization Fragment #

@cite{scott-2021} @cite{keenan-comrie-1977}

Swahili amba-relative clauses use the overt complementizer amba (related to ku-amba 'say'), which agrees with the head noun in noun class via a suffix. The head appears before the complementizer.

Two Types of Resumptive Pronouns #

@cite{scott-2021} shows Swahili distinguishes two types of resumptive pronouns that coexist within the same language and are morphologically distinct:

Bound resumptives (person-matching): -mi (1SG), -we (2SG), -si (1PL), -nyi (2PL). These are base-generated bound pronouns that obligatorily match the extractee in person features. Found inside adjunct islands.
Movement resumptives (personless): -ye (class 1 SG), -o (class 2 PL). These are lower copies of Ā-movement chains, reduced by chain reduction at PF (PersP deleted by MaxElide). Found in parasitic gap constructions.

Resumption Trigger #

Resumption is phonologically motivated: it occurs only on objects of monosyllabic prepositions (na 'with', ya 'of', mwa 'in') to satisfy a bimoraic Minimality requirement. Multisyllabic prepositions (katika 'on') do not trigger resumption — they are dropped instead.

Resumptive Pronoun Paradigm #

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	-mi	-si
2nd	-we	-nyi
3rd	-ye	-o

The 3rd person forms -ye and -o are also the noun class 1/2 (animate) resumptive pronouns (Table 3). The theoretical analysis of why 1st/2nd person forms carry person features while 3rd person forms do not is in Phenomena/FillerGap/Studies/Scott2021.lean.

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.ambaGap :

Core.RelClauseMarker

The amba-complementizer with gap (subject and direct object extraction). Subject and object agreement are obligatory on the verb; no resumptive pronoun appears.

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.ambaBound :

Core.RelClauseMarker

The amba-complementizer with bound resumptive pronoun (person-matching). Objects of monosyllabic prepositions inside adjunct islands obligatorily surface with person features. @cite{scott-2021} examples (31)–(33).

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.ambaMovement :

Core.RelClauseMarker

The amba-complementizer with movement resumptive pronoun (personless). Objects of monosyllabic prepositions in parasitic gap constructions surface without person features. @cite{scott-2021} examples (36)–(37).

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.relMarkers :

List Core.RelClauseMarker

All Swahili relative clause markers.

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.relMarkers = [Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.ambaGap , Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.ambaBound , Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.ambaMovement ]

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inductive Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.Person :

Full form personal pronouns (@cite{scott-2021} Table 1).

first : Person
second : Person
third : Person

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqPerson :

DecidableEq Person

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqPerson :

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqPerson = { beq := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqPerson.beq }

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqPerson.beq :

Person → Person → Bool

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqPerson.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprPerson :

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprPerson = { reprPrec := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprPerson.repr }

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprPerson.repr :

Person → Nat → Std.Format

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inductive Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.GramNum :

sg : GramNum
pl : GramNum

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqGramNum :

DecidableEq GramNum

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqGramNum x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqGramNum.beq :

GramNum → GramNum → Bool

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqGramNum.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqGramNum :

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqGramNum = { beq := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqGramNum.beq }

instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprGramNum :

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprGramNum = { reprPrec := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprGramNum.repr }

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprGramNum.repr :

GramNum → Nat → Std.Format

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.fullPronoun :

Person → GramNum → String

Full pronoun form.

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.resumptivePronoun :

Person → GramNum → String

Resumptive (suffixal) pronoun forms (@cite{scott-2021} Table 2). Person-matching forms: 1st/2nd person specify [PERS]. Personless defaults: 3rd person = noun class agreement (no [PERS]).

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.resumptiveByClass :

NounClass → String

Resumptive pronoun by noun class (@cite{scott-2021} Table 3). These forms express number and gender only (no person features). For animate classes 1/2, the forms -ye/-o are identical to the 3rd person resumptive pronouns — this identity is what the PersP-deletion analysis explains.

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.resumptivePronounIsPersonMatching :

Person → GramNum → Bool

Whether a resumptive pronoun form is person-matching (bound) or personless (movement copy). Theory-neutral observable.

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inductive Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.MonosyllabicWord :

Monosyllabic words that trigger resumption. @cite{scott-2021} §3.3: resumption is triggered when a monosyllabic word (na, ya, mwa, etc.) would otherwise be stranded, violating the bimoraic Minimality requirement. These include true prepositions and connectives (the form na functions as both).

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqMonosyllabicWord :

DecidableEq MonosyllabicWord

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqMonosyllabicWord x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqMonosyllabicWord.beq :

MonosyllabicWord → MonosyllabicWord → Bool

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqMonosyllabicWord.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqMonosyllabicWord :

BEq MonosyllabicWord

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqMonosyllabicWord = { beq := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqMonosyllabicWord.beq }

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprMonosyllabicWord.repr :

MonosyllabicWord → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprMonosyllabicWord :

Repr MonosyllabicWord

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprMonosyllabicWord = { reprPrec := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprMonosyllabicWord.repr }

inductive Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.NonTriggeringWord :

Words whose objects do NOT trigger resumption when relativized. For trisyllabic words like katika 'on', the preposition is dropped instead. Noun-like words (uvunguni 'under', chini 'below', kando 'beside') must be followed by a monosyllabic connective, so it is the connective (not the noun-like word) that determines resumption. @cite{scott-2021} (22)–(23).

katika : NonTriggeringWord

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqNonTriggeringWord :

DecidableEq NonTriggeringWord

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instDecidableEqNonTriggeringWord x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqNonTriggeringWord :

BEq NonTriggeringWord

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqNonTriggeringWord = { beq := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqNonTriggeringWord.beq }

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqNonTriggeringWord.beq :

NonTriggeringWord → NonTriggeringWord → Bool

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instBEqNonTriggeringWord.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprNonTriggeringWord.repr :

NonTriggeringWord → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprNonTriggeringWord :

Repr NonTriggeringWord

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Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprNonTriggeringWord = { reprPrec := Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.instReprNonTriggeringWord.repr }

def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.MonosyllabicWord.triggersResumption :

MonosyllabicWord → Bool

Monosyllabic words always trigger resumption.

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x✝.triggersResumption = true

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def Fragments.Swahili.Relativization.NonTriggeringWord.triggersResumption :

NonTriggeringWord → Bool

Trisyllabic words never trigger resumption.

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x✝.triggersResumption = false

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