Swahili: Basic Types #
Shared types for the Swahili fragment, primarily the noun class system. Swahili has 18 noun classes (1–10, 14–18), following the standard Bantu numbering. Classes 1/2 are singular/plural animate (human), classes 3–10 are inanimate with various semantic associations, and classes 15–18 are infinitive and locative classes.
Noun class is the fundamental organizing principle of Swahili morphosyntax: it conditions subject/object agreement on the verb, possessive agreement, demonstrative agreement, and — crucially for relativization — the form of resumptive pronouns (@cite{scott-2021}).
Noun Class and Gender #
Following @cite{carstens-1991} and @cite{kramer-2015}, noun class in Bantu expresses the combination of number and gender. Classes come in singular/plural pairs that define a "gender" (e.g., gender A = cl1/cl2 = human sg/pl).
Swahili noun classes. Standard Bantu numbering (1–10, 14–18). Classes 11–13 are absent in Swahili.
- cl1 : NounClass
- cl2 : NounClass
- cl3 : NounClass
- cl4 : NounClass
- cl5 : NounClass
- cl6 : NounClass
- cl7 : NounClass
- cl8 : NounClass
- cl9 : NounClass
- cl10 : NounClass
- cl14 : NounClass
- cl15 : NounClass
- cl16 : NounClass
- cl17 : NounClass
- cl18 : NounClass
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- Fragments.Swahili.instBEqNounClass.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)
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Whether a noun class is animate (classes 1 and 2). Animate classes trigger person-matching resumptive pronouns in relativization.
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Whether a noun class is a locative class (16, 17, 18).
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Whether a noun class is singular.
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- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl1.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl3.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl5.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl7.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl9.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl14.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl15.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl16.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl17.isSingular = true
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl18.isSingular = true
- x✝.isSingular = false
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Subject prefix for each class on the verb.
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- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl1.subjPrefix = "a"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl2.subjPrefix = "wa"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl3.subjPrefix = "u"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl4.subjPrefix = "i"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl5.subjPrefix = "li"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl6.subjPrefix = "ya"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl7.subjPrefix = "ki"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl8.subjPrefix = "vi"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl9.subjPrefix = "i"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl10.subjPrefix = "zi"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl14.subjPrefix = "u"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl15.subjPrefix = "ku"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl16.subjPrefix = "pa"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl17.subjPrefix = "ku"
- Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl18.subjPrefix = "mu"
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Bantu genders: singular/plural noun class pairings. @cite{carstens-1991}: different number/gender combinations constitute different noun classes. @cite{scott-2021} Table 3.
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- Fragments.Swahili.instBEqGender.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)
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Singular class for a gender.
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- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderA.singularClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl1
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderB.singularClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl3
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderC.singularClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl5
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderD.singularClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl7
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderE.singularClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl9
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Plural class for a gender.
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- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderA.pluralClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl2
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderB.pluralClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl4
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderC.pluralClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl6
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderD.pluralClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl8
- Fragments.Swahili.Gender.genderE.pluralClass = Fragments.Swahili.NounClass.cl10