Mandarin Chinese Quantifier Fragment

@cite{kuo-yu-2012} @cite{tsai-2015}

Quantifier phrases in Mandarin, following @cite{kuo-yu-2012}'s GQ-theoretic inventory (§12.1) and @cite{tsai-2015}'s strong/weak classification (§5.3).

Existential (intersective) quantifiers — weak (@cite{kuo-yu-2012} §12.1.1):

• hěnduō 很多 (many)

Universal (co-intersective) quantifiers — strong (@cite{kuo-yu-2012} §12.1.2):

• měi 每 (every), suǒyǒu 所有 (all), quánbù 全部 (all)

Proportional quantifiers (@cite{kuo-yu-2012} §12.1.5):

• dà-bùfèn 大部分 (most)

Key typological properties:

• No definiteness-marked quantifiers (no "the")
• Conservativity expected to hold (universal)
• měi requires classifiers; suǒyǒu and quánbù do not (@cite{kuo-yu-2012} §12.1.6)

structure Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.MandarinQuantEntry : Type

Mandarin quantifier entry. Extends the English pattern with classifier requirements (Mandarin-specific morphosyntax).

• hanzi : String

  Hànzì form

• pinyin : String

  Pīnyīn romanization

• gloss : String

  English gloss

• qforce : English.Determiners.QForce

  Quantificational force

• monotonicity : English.Determiners.Monotonicity

  Monotonicity

• strength : English.Determiners.Strength

  Weak/strong (there-insertion diagnostic adapted to existential yǒu 有)

• requiresClassifier : Bool

  Requires a classifier (liàngcí 量词) between determiner and noun

• typicalClassifier : Option Core.NounCategorization.ClassifierEntry

  Typical classifier used with this quantifier (个 gè by default)

def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instReprMandarinQuantEntry.repr : MandarinQuantEntry → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instReprMandarinQuantEntry : Repr MandarinQuantEntry

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• Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instReprMandarinQuantEntry = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instReprMandarinQuantEntry.repr }

instance Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instBEqMandarinQuantEntry : BEq MandarinQuantEntry

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• Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instBEqMandarinQuantEntry = { beq := Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instBEqMandarinQuantEntry.beq }

def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instBEqMandarinQuantEntry.beq : MandarinQuantEntry → MandarinQuantEntry → Bool

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• Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.instBEqMandarinQuantEntry.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.mei : MandarinQuantEntry

每 měi "every" — universal, singular-like, requires classifier. měi-gè xuéshēng 每个学生 "every-CL student"

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def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.suoyou : MandarinQuantEntry

所有 suǒyǒu "all" — universal, plural-like, no classifier required. suǒyǒu xuéshēng 所有学生 "all students"

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def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.quanbu : MandarinQuantEntry

全部 quánbù "all" — universal, increasing, strong. quánbù xuéshēng 全部学生 "all students". Synonym of suǒyǒu; does not require a classifier.

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def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.henduo : MandarinQuantEntry

很多 hěnduō "many" — existential/proportional, increasing, weak. hěnduō xuéshēng 很多学生 "many students". Can optionally co-occur with dōu but does not require it.

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• Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.henduo = { hanzi := "很多", pinyin := "hěnduō", gloss := "many", qforce := Fragments.English.Determiners.QForce.existential }

def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.dabufen : MandarinQuantEntry

大部分 dà-bùfèn "most/the greater part" — proportional, increasing, strong. dà-bùfèn xuéshēng 大部分学生 "most students"

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def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.allQuantifiers : List MandarinQuantEntry

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def Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.lookup (pinyin : String) : Option MandarinQuantEntry

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• Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.lookup pinyin = List.find? (fun (e : Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.MandarinQuantEntry) => e.pinyin == pinyin) Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.allQuantifiers

theorem Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.mei_strong : mei.strength = English.Determiners.Strength.strong

měi is strong (no existential yǒu sentence).

theorem Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.mei_requires_cl : mei.requiresClassifier = true

měi requires a classifier.

theorem Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.suoyou_no_cl : suoyou.requiresClassifier = false

suǒyǒu does not require a classifier.

theorem Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.henduo_weak : henduo.strength = English.Determiners.Strength.weak

hěnduō is weak; all others are strong QPs (@cite{tsai-2015} §5.3).

theorem Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.strong_qps_are_strong : ((List.filter (fun (x : MandarinQuantEntry) => x.pinyin != "hěnduō") allQuantifiers).all fun (x : MandarinQuantEntry) => x.strength == English.Determiners.Strength.strong) = true

theorem Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.requires_cl_has_typical : ((List.filter (fun (x : MandarinQuantEntry) => x.requiresClassifier) allQuantifiers).all fun (x : MandarinQuantEntry) => x.typicalClassifier.isSome) = true

All quantifiers that require a classifier have a typicalClassifier set.

theorem Fragments.Mandarin.Determiners.typical_classifier_is_default : ((List.filterMap (fun (x : MandarinQuantEntry) => x.typicalClassifier) allQuantifiers).all fun (x : Core.NounCategorization.ClassifierEntry) => x.isDefault) = true

All typical classifiers are 个 (the default).