Jarawara Possessed Nouns @cite{adamson-2024} @cite{dixon-2004}

Inalienably possessed noun classes and the mano 'arm' paradigm in Jarawara (Arawan), drawn from @cite{adamson-2024} §3.2 and @cite{dixon-2004}.

Key facts

• Jarawara has two genders: masculine (marked, [+MASC] on n) and feminine (unmarked, plain n)
• All ~175 iPossessable nouns are feminine when used "free" (without a possessor), consistent with being licensed by plain n
• iPossession is expressed by direct juxtaposition; aPossession uses the marker kaa
• The "masculine"/"feminine" alternations on possessed nouns reflect φ-agreement with the iPossessor, not gender assignment

Semantic Classification (@cite{dixon-2004} p. 311)

The iPossessable class maps onto the upper portion of the cross-linguistic inalienability hierarchy from Possession.Typology.

structure Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedNounClass : Type

Semantic classification of Jarawara iPossessable nouns (@cite{dixon-2004} p. 311; @cite{adamson-2024} Table 3).

• label : String
• memberCount : Nat
• examples : List (String × String)
• inalienabilityRank : Phenomena.Possession.Typology.InalienabilityRank

  Nearest match on the cross-linguistic inalienability hierarchy.

def Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass.repr : PossessedNounClass → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass : Repr PossessedNounClass

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass = { reprPrec := Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedNounClass.repr }

def Fragments.Jarawara.orientation : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.wholeAndPart : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.bodyParts : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.partsOfPlants : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.physicalCharacteristics : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.noiseAndLanguage : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.imageAndDream : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.association : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.containers : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.waterFireLight : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.food : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.place : PossessedNounClass

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def Fragments.Jarawara.allClasses : List PossessedNounClass

All 12 semantic classes of iPossessable nouns.

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theorem Fragments.Jarawara.total_ipossessable : List.foldl (fun (x1 x2 : Nat) => x1 + x2) 0 (List.map (fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => x.memberCount) allClasses) = 175

Total iPossessable nouns: ~175 (@cite{dixon-2004} p. 310).

inductive Fragments.Jarawara.Person : Type

Person–number features of a Jarawara possessor.

• first : Person
• second : Person
• third : Person

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPerson : DecidableEq Person

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPerson : BEq Person

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPerson = { beq := Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPerson.beq }

def Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPerson.beq : Person → Person → Bool

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPerson.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPerson : Repr Person

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPerson = { reprPrec := Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPerson.repr }

def Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPerson.repr : Person → Nat → Std.Format

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inductive Fragments.Jarawara.PossGender : Type

• masc : PossGender
• fem : PossGender

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossGender : DecidableEq PossGender

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossGender.beq : PossGender → PossGender → Bool

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossGender.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossGender : BEq PossGender

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossGender = { beq := Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossGender.beq }

def Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossGender.repr : PossGender → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossGender : Repr PossGender

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossGender = { reprPrec := Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossGender.repr }

structure Fragments.Jarawara.Possessor : Type

A possessor with full φ-features. Third person distinguishes gender; first and second person can be singular or plural, with clusivity for first person plural.

• person : Person
• number : Number
• gender : Option PossGender

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor : DecidableEq Possessor

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor = Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor.decEq

def Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessor.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : Possessor) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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def Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessor.beq : Possessor → Possessor → Bool

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessor.beq { person := a, number := a_1, gender := a_2 } { person := b, number := b_1, gender := b_2 } = (a == b && (a_1 == b_1 && a_2 == b_2))
• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessor.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessor : BEq Possessor

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessor = { beq := Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessor.beq }

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessor : Repr Possessor

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessor = { reprPrec := Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessor.repr }

def Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessor.repr : Possessor → Nat → Std.Format

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inductive Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedForm : Type

Possessed noun form: "masculine" (mano) or "feminine" (mani). These labels follow @cite{dixon-2004}'s terminology; they reflect φ-agreement with the possessor, not the noun's own gender (which is always feminine).

• mascForm : PossessedForm
• femForm : PossessedForm

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessedForm : DecidableEq PossessedForm

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqPossessedForm x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessedForm : BEq PossessedForm

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessedForm = { beq := Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessedForm.beq }

def Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessedForm.beq : PossessedForm → PossessedForm → Bool

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqPossessedForm.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

def Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm.repr : PossessedForm → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm : Repr PossessedForm

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm = { reprPrec := Fragments.Jarawara.instReprPossessedForm.repr }

Derived mano paradigm (@cite{adamson-2024} Appendix B)

The mano/mani alternation is derived from three components:

1. MARKED features: [PARTICIPANT] (1st/2nd person) and [MASC] (masculine possessor gender) are both MARKED.
2. Impoverishment (ex. 63): [MASC] → ∅ / [PL] and [MASC] → ∅ / [PARTICIPANT]. Impoverishment deletes [MASC] when [PL] or [PARTICIPANT] is present.
3. VI (A7): √MANV ↔ mano / [MARKED]; √MANV ↔ mani (elsewhere).

The derivation:

• 1st/2nd (any number): [PARTICIPANT] is MARKED → mano
• 3.M.SG: [MASC] survives (no [PL], no [PARTICIPANT]) → mano
• 3.F.SG: no MARKED feature → mani
• 3.M.PL: [MASC] deleted by impoverishment / [PL]; no [PARTICIPANT] → mani
• 3.F.PL / 3.PL: no MARKED feature → mani

def Fragments.Jarawara.Possessor.isParticipant (p : Possessor) : Bool

Whether the possessor is a speech act participant ([PARTICIPANT]).

Equations

• p.isParticipant = (p.person != Fragments.Jarawara.Person.third)

def Fragments.Jarawara.Possessor.mascSurvivesImpoverishment (p : Possessor) : Bool

Whether the possessor has [MASC] that survives impoverishment. [MASC] is deleted when [PL] or [PARTICIPANT] is present.

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• p.mascSurvivesImpoverishment = match p.gender with | some Fragments.Jarawara.PossGender.masc => !p.isParticipant && p.number == Number.sg | x => false

def Fragments.Jarawara.Possessor.hasMarkedFeature (p : Possessor) : Bool

Whether any MARKED feature remains after impoverishment. MARKED = [PARTICIPANT] or [MASC] (if it survives).

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• p.hasMarkedFeature = (p.isParticipant || p.mascSurvivesImpoverishment)

def Fragments.Jarawara.manoForm (p : Possessor) : PossessedForm

The possessed form of mano 'arm', derived from MARKED features, impoverishment, and VI (A7).

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• Fragments.Jarawara.manoForm p = if p.hasMarkedFeature = true then Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedForm.mascForm else Fragments.Jarawara.PossessedForm.femForm

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_1sg : manoForm { person := Person.first, number := Number.sg } = PossessedForm.mascForm

Table 5/6 verification: each possessor combination.

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_2sg : manoForm { person := Person.second, number := Number.sg } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_1pl : manoForm { person := Person.first, number := Number.pl } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_2pl : manoForm { person := Person.second, number := Number.pl } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_3m_sg : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := Number.sg, gender := some PossGender.masc } = PossessedForm.mascForm

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_3f_sg : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := Number.sg, gender := some PossGender.fem } = PossessedForm.femForm

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_3pl : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := Number.pl } = PossessedForm.femForm

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_3m_pl : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := Number.pl, gender := some PossGender.masc } = PossessedForm.femForm

3.M.PL: [MASC] is deleted by impoverishment in context of [PL], and 3rd person is not [PARTICIPANT], so no MARKED feature remains.

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.mano_3f_pl : manoForm { person := Person.third, number := Number.pl, gender := some PossGender.fem } = PossessedForm.femForm

3.F.PL: no [MASC], 3rd person not [PARTICIPANT] → elsewhere.

structure Fragments.Jarawara.FreeVsPossessed : Type

A subset of nouns with attested free and iPossessed forms. Free forms are all feminine (@cite{dixon-2004} pp. 80, 285).

• free : String
• iPossessed : String
• gloss : String

def Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : FreeVsPossessed) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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instance Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed : DecidableEq FreeVsPossessed

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed = Fragments.Jarawara.instDecidableEqFreeVsPossessed.decEq

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqFreeVsPossessed : BEq FreeVsPossessed

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqFreeVsPossessed = { beq := Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqFreeVsPossessed.beq }

def Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqFreeVsPossessed.beq : FreeVsPossessed → FreeVsPossessed → Bool

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqFreeVsPossessed.beq { free := a, iPossessed := a_1, gloss := a_2 } { free := b, iPossessed := b_1, gloss := b_2 } = (a == b && (a_1 == b_1 && a_2 == b_2))
• Fragments.Jarawara.instBEqFreeVsPossessed.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Fragments.Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed : Repr FreeVsPossessed

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• Fragments.Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed = { reprPrec := Fragments.Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed.repr }

def Fragments.Jarawara.instReprFreeVsPossessed.repr : FreeVsPossessed → Nat → Std.Format

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def Fragments.Jarawara.freeVsPossessedForms : List FreeVsPossessed

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theorem Fragments.Jarawara.all_classes_inalienable : (allClasses.all fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => decide (x.inalienabilityRank.toNat ≥ Phenomena.Possession.Typology.InalienabilityRank.culturalItem.toNat)) = true

All Jarawara iPossessable classes fall at or above culturalItem on the cross-linguistic inalienability hierarchy. The three highest-ranked categories (body parts, spatial relations, part-whole) account for 112/175 = 64% of all iPossessable nouns.

theorem Fragments.Jarawara.core_inalienable_majority : have core := List.filter (fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => decide (x.inalienabilityRank.toNat ≥ Phenomena.Possession.Typology.InalienabilityRank.partWhole.toNat)) allClasses; List.foldl (fun (x1 x2 : Nat) => x1 + x2) 0 (List.map (fun (x : PossessedNounClass) => x.memberCount) core) = 118

The four highest-ranked inalienable categories (body parts, spatial relations, part-whole, and kinship-adjacent) account for the majority: 62 (body parts) + 17 (orientation) + 14 (whole/part) + 19 (plant parts)

• 6 (place) = 118 / 175.