English Focus-Sensitive Particles

@cite{rooth-1992} @cite{karttunen-peters-1979} @cite{francescotti-1995}

Lexical entries for English focus-sensitive particles, typed by Semantics.FocusParticles theory types.

structure Fragments.English.FocusParticles.Entry : Type

A focus-sensitive particle lexical entry.

• form : String

  Surface form

• truthFunctional : Bool

  Does the particle affect truth conditions?

• contributionLayer : Core.Semantics.ContentLayer.ContentLayer

  Which content layer carries the particle's contribution

• threshold : Option Semantics.FocusParticles.EvenThreshold

  For scalar particles: threshold on alternatives exceeded

• application : Core.InformationStructure.FIPApplication

  FIP application type

• exclusionVariety : Option Core.InformationStructure.ExclusionVariety

  Exclusion variety (@cite{umbach-2004} §2.3): only excludes additional alternatives ("no one in addition to X"), while contrastive focus excludes by substitution ("no one instead of X"). none for non-exclusive particles like even and also.

def Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instReprEntry.repr : Entry → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instReprEntry : Repr Entry

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• Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instReprEntry = { reprPrec := Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instReprEntry.repr }

instance Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instBEqEntry : BEq Entry

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• Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instBEqEntry = { beq := Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instBEqEntry.beq }

def Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instBEqEntry.beq : Entry → Entry → Bool

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• Fragments.English.FocusParticles.instBEqEntry.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Fragments.English.FocusParticles.even_ : Entry

"even" — scalar focus particle. @cite{francescotti-1995}: not truth-functional (Equivalence Thesis), contributes via conventional implicature, felicity requires exceeding MOST alternatives in surprise.

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def Fragments.English.FocusParticles.only_ : Entry

"only" — exclusive focus particle. Truth-functional (asserts exclusion of alternatives), prejacent is a presupposition. @cite{umbach-2004} §2.3: only excludes additional alternatives — it excludes the possibility that someone in addition to the focused item satisfies the predicate.

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def Fragments.English.FocusParticles.also : Entry

"also"/"too" — additive focus particle. Presupposes existence of a true alternative.

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def Fragments.English.FocusParticles.allEntries : List Entry

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• Fragments.English.FocusParticles.allEntries = [Fragments.English.FocusParticles.even_, Fragments.English.FocusParticles.only_, Fragments.English.FocusParticles.also]

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.even_not_truth_functional : even_.truthFunctional = false

"even" does not affect truth conditions (Equivalence Thesis).

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.even_is_implicature : even_.contributionLayer = Core.Semantics.ContentLayer.ContentLayer.implicature

"even" contributes via conventional implicature.

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.even_uses_most_threshold : even_.threshold = some Semantics.FocusParticles.EvenThreshold.most

"even" uses Francescotti's "most" threshold.

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.only_is_truth_functional : only_.truthFunctional = true

"only" IS truth-functional (unlike "even").

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.even_only_differ_on_truth : even_.truthFunctional ≠ only_.truthFunctional

"even" and "only" differ on truth-functionality.

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.only_excludes_additional : only_.exclusionVariety = some Core.InformationStructure.ExclusionVariety.additional

"only" is an exclusive particle (additional exclusion variety). @cite{umbach-2004} §2.3: excludes alternatives in addition to X.

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.also_not_exclusive : also.exclusionVariety = none

"also" is additive, not exclusive — no exclusion variety.

theorem Fragments.English.FocusParticles.even_not_exclusive : even_.exclusionVariety = none

"even" is scalar, not exclusive — no exclusion variety.