Aspect × Temporal Connective Interaction Data

@cite{moens-steedman-1988} @cite{vendler-1957}

Theory-neutral empirical data on how temporal connectives interact with the @cite{heinamaki-1974} @cite{rett-2020} aspectual class (Vendler class) of their complement and main clauses.

Key Empirical Generalizations

1. Selectional restrictions: until and since require durative (stative/activity) main clauses. When triggers coercion to punctual.

2. Coercion effects: When a connective's selectional requirements conflict with the clause's Vendler class, aspectual coercion occurs:

   • when + accomplishment → culmination (achievement) reading
   • when + activity → inception reading ("just when he was running")
   • before/after + stative → inchoative (onset) extraction
   • until + achievement → degraded / requires coercion to iterative

3. Telicity sensitivity: before and after have different default readings depending on embedded clause telicity:

   • Telic embedded clause → endpoint reading is default
   • Atelic embedded clause → onset reading requires coercion (INCHOAT)

structure Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.AspectInteraction : Type

Acceptability of a temporal connective with a given Vendler class, and what coercion (if any) the combination triggers.

• connective : String

  The temporal connective

• vendlerClass : Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass

  Vendler class of the relevant clause

• clause : String

  Whether this is about the main clause or the embedded clause

• acceptableWithout : Bool

  Is the combination acceptable without coercion?

• coercionType : Option String

  If coercion is needed, what kind?

• resultClass : Option Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass

  Resulting Vendler class after coercion (if any)

• example_ : String

  Example sentence

instance Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprAspectInteraction : Repr AspectInteraction

Equations

• Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprAspectInteraction = { reprPrec := Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprAspectInteraction.repr }

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprAspectInteraction.repr : AspectInteraction → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.when_state : AspectInteraction

when + state → no coercion (state persists). "When John knew the answer, he raised his hand."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.when_activity : AspectInteraction

when + activity → inception coercion. "When John ran, the crowd cheered" → "just when John started running." The activity is coerced to its onset point (achievement).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.when_accomplishment : AspectInteraction

when + accomplishment → culmination coercion. "When John built the house, he sold it" → "when John finished building." The accomplishment is coerced to its culmination point (achievement).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.when_achievement : AspectInteraction

when + achievement → no coercion needed (already punctual). "When John arrived, Mary left."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.until_state_main : AspectInteraction

until + stative main clause → acceptable (canonical use). "John slept until 3pm."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.until_activity_main : AspectInteraction

until + activity main clause → acceptable. "John ran until 3pm."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.until_achievement_main : AspectInteraction

until + achievement main clause → degraded. "*John arrived until 3pm." Achievement is punctual; until requires duration. Coercion to iterative is possible but marked.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.until_accomplishment_main : AspectInteraction

until + accomplishment main clause → degraded. "*John built the house until 3pm." Accomplishment has an endpoint; until provides an external boundary, creating a conflict.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.before_stative : AspectInteraction

before + stative embedded → default before-start reading. "John left before she was president." ME precedes onset of EE.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.before_accomplishment : AspectInteraction

before + accomplishment embedded → before-start is default; before-finish (COMPLET) reading is available with coercion cost. "John left before she climbed the mountain." Default: before onset. Coerced: before completion. (@cite{alstott-aravind-2026}, Exp. 2)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.after_stative : AspectInteraction

after + stative embedded → default after-finish; after-start (INCHOAT) requires coercion. "John left after she was surprised." Default: after end of surprise. Coerced: after onset. (@cite{alstott-aravind-2026}, Exp. 4)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.after_accomplishment : AspectInteraction

after + accomplishment embedded → default after-finish. "John left after she climbed the mountain." ME follows telos.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.since_state_main : AspectInteraction

since + stative main clause → acceptable. "John has been happy since she arrived."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.since_achievement_main : AspectInteraction

since + achievement main clause → degraded. "*John found it since she arrived." Achievement is punctual; since requires an ongoing state from the reference point.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.satisfiesDurativeRestriction (c : Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass) : Bool

Whether a VendlerClass satisfies the durative selectional restriction required by until and since for their main clauses.

Equations

• Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.satisfiesDurativeRestriction c = (c.duration == Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.Duration.durative && c.toProfile.isHomogeneous)

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.state_satisfies : satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.state = true

States satisfy the durative restriction.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.activity_satisfies : satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.activity = true

Activities satisfy the durative restriction.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.achievement_fails : satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.achievement = false

Achievements do NOT satisfy the durative restriction.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.accomplishment_fails : satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.accomplishment = false

Accomplishments do NOT satisfy the durative restriction.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.durative_restriction_iff_homogeneous (c : Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass) : satisfiesDurativeRestriction c = c.toProfile.isHomogeneous

The durative selectional restriction coincides with homogeneity (the subinterval property): exactly states and activities pass.

structure Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.CoercionEdge : Type

A directed edge in Moens & Steedman's aspectual coercion network. Each edge represents a possible contextual coercion from one Vendler class to another, triggered by linguistic context.

• source : Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass

  Source Vendler class

• target : Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass

  Target Vendler class

• operation : String

  Name of the coercion operation

• example_ : String

  Example of the coercion in context

instance Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprCoercionEdge : Repr CoercionEdge

Equations

• Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprCoercionEdge = { reprPrec := Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprCoercionEdge.repr }

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.instReprCoercionEdge.repr : CoercionEdge → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.addResult : CoercionEdge

Add-result: activity → accomplishment. "John walked" → "John walked to school."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.stripProcess : CoercionEdge

Strip-process: accomplishment → achievement. "John built the house" → culmination point (when he finished).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.addProcess : CoercionEdge

Add-process: achievement → accomplishment. "John noticed the painting" → "John noticed the painting for hours."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.iterate_ : CoercionEdge

Iterate: achievement → activity. "John coughed" → "John coughed for hours" (iterated). In @cite{moens-steedman-1988} Fig. 2, the iteration arrow goes from POINT to PROCESS specifically; culminations reach process via a two-step path (culmination → point → process). At the Vendler level both are "achievement."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.inchoative : CoercionEdge

Inchoative: state → achievement. "John knew the answer" → "John came to know the answer."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.coercionNetwork : List CoercionEdge

The full coercion network.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.coercion_changes_class (e : CoercionEdge) : e ∈ coercionNetwork → e.source ≠ e.target

All coercion edges change the Vendler class.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.until_data_consistent : until_state_main.acceptableWithout = satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.state ∧ until_activity_main.acceptableWithout = satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.activity ∧ until_achievement_main.acceptableWithout = satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.achievement ∧ until_accomplishment_main.acceptableWithout = satisfiesDurativeRestriction Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.accomplishment

All until-acceptable main clauses have the durative restriction.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.when_coercion_pattern : when_state.acceptableWithout = true ∧ when_achievement.acceptableWithout = true ∧ when_activity.acceptableWithout = false ∧ when_accomplishment.acceptableWithout = false

When requires coercion for non-punctual, non-stative classes.

theorem Phenomena.TemporalConnectives.AspectInteractionData.when_coercion_target : when_activity.resultClass = some Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.achievement ∧ when_accomplishment.resultClass = some Semantics.Tense.Aspect.LexicalAspect.VendlerClass.achievement

When coercion always targets achievement (punctual).