Phenomena/Questions/MentionSome.lean

@cite{groenendijk-stokhof-1984} @cite{belnap-1982}

Empirical data on mention-some interpretations from @cite{groenendijk-stokhof-1984}, Chapter VI, Section 5.

Overview

This file contains theory-neutral empirical data on:

1. Mention-some vs choice reading distinctions
2. Embedded mention-some paraphrases
3. The negative answer problem (why "not in drawer" fails)
4. Verb licensing (why "depends" blocks mention-some)
5. Mention-two / cumulative quantification (@cite{belnap-1982} examples)

Sources

• @cite{groenendijk-stokhof-1984}. Studies on the Semantics of Questions. Ch. VI, Sec. 5.
• @cite{belnap-1982}. Questions and Answers in Montague Grammar.

structure Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum : Type

Data point distinguishing mention-some from choice readings.

, Section 5.1-5.3: Both yield non-exhaustive answers, but differ in their semantic source and paraphrase possibilities.

• question : String

  The question

• mentionSomeAnswer : String

  A valid mention-some answer

• choiceAnswer : Option String

  The corresponding choice answer (if applicable)

• distinction : String

  How to distinguish the readings

• source : String

  Source

instance Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionSomeVsChoiceDatum : Repr MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionSomeVsChoiceDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionSomeVsChoiceDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionSomeVsChoiceDatum.repr : MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum → Nat → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.whereCanIBuy : MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum

Classic mention-some: "Where can I buy X?"

, p. 331: The questioner's practical goal makes a single answer sufficient.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.whereIsPen : MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum

"Where is a pen?" - mention-some vs potential choice.

If interpreted with wide-scope ∃ over pens, could be choice.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.whoHasSomething : MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum

"Who has something I can write with?"

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.newspaperContexts : MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum

G&S's newspaper example with different contexts.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.mentionSomeVsChoiceExamples : List MentionSomeVsChoiceDatum

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structure Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum : Type

Data on embedded mention-some questions under attitude verbs.

, Section 5.3: Paraphrases help identify the reading.

• sentence : String

  The sentence with embedded question

• mentionSomeParaphrase : String

  Paraphrase under mention-some reading

• choiceParaphrase : Option String

  Paraphrase under choice reading (if available)

• mentionAllParaphrase : Option String

  Paraphrase under mention-all reading

• verb : String

  The embedding verb

• source : String

  Source

instance Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprEmbeddedMentionSomeDatum : Repr EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprEmbeddedMentionSomeDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprEmbeddedMentionSomeDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprEmbeddedMentionSomeDatum.repr : EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum → Nat → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.johnKnowsWherePaper : EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum

"John knows where he can buy an Italian newspaper" (mention-some).

, (9)-(10): John knows of at least one place that sells them.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.johnKnowsWhoHasPen : EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum

"John knows who has a pen" - three-way ambiguity.

, Section 5.3: Can be mention-some, choice (which pen), or mention-all.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.johnWondersWherePaper : EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum

"John wonders where he can buy an Italian newspaper" (mention-some).

, (11)-(12): John wants to know of some place (not all places).

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.johnAskedWhoHasPen : EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum

"John asked who has a pen" - embedded under "ask".

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.maryToldJohn : EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum

"Mary told John where he can buy an Italian newspaper".

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.embeddedMentionSomeExamples : List EmbeddedMentionSomeDatum

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structure Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.NegativeAnswerDatum : Type

Data illustrating why partial answerhood doesn't capture mention-some.

, Section 5.2: Negative answers satisfy P-ANS but are NOT acceptable mention-some answers. This is the key problem with the P-ANS analysis.

• question : String

  The question

• positiveAnswer : String

  A valid positive mention-some answer

• negativeAnswer : String

  A negative answer that satisfies P-ANS but isn't mention-some

• whyNegativeFails : String

  Why negative fails as mention-some

• nowhereAnswer : Option String

  A complete "nowhere" type answer

• source : String

  Source

instance Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprNegativeAnswerDatum : Repr NegativeAnswerDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprNegativeAnswerDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprNegativeAnswerDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprNegativeAnswerDatum.repr : NegativeAnswerDatum → Nat → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.penLocationNegative : NegativeAnswerDatum

The pen location example.

"Not in the drawer" satisfies P-ANS but doesn't help find the pen.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.coffeeNegative : NegativeAnswerDatum

Coffee shop example with negative.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.newspaperNegative : NegativeAnswerDatum

Newspaper example.

: Negative answers don't satisfy the questioner's goal.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.negativeAnswerExamples : List NegativeAnswerDatum

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structure Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.VerbLicensingDatum : Type

Data on which verbs allow/block mention-some readings.

, Section 5.4: Verbs like "depends" and "matter" BLOCK mention-some because they require complete information about the question.

• sentence : String

  Example sentence

• verb : String

  The matrix verb

• mentionSomePossible : Bool

  Does mention-some reading exist?

• explanation : String

  Explanation of why verb allows/blocks

• source : String

  Source

def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprVerbLicensingDatum.repr : VerbLicensingDatum → Nat → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprVerbLicensingDatum : Repr VerbLicensingDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprVerbLicensingDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprVerbLicensingDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.dependsBlocks : VerbLicensingDatum

"It depends on who has a pen" - BLOCKS mention-some.

, Section 5.4: "depends" requires knowing the complete answer.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.matterBlocks : VerbLicensingDatum

"It matters who has a pen" - BLOCKS mention-some.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.determineBlocks : VerbLicensingDatum

"Who gets the prize is determined by who wins" - BLOCKS mention-some.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.knowAllows : VerbLicensingDatum

"John knows who has a pen" - ALLOWS mention-some.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.wonderAllows : VerbLicensingDatum

"John wonders who has a pen" - ALLOWS mention-some.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.findOutAllows : VerbLicensingDatum

"John found out who has a pen" - ALLOWS mention-some.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.verbLicensingExamples : List VerbLicensingDatum

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structure Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.MentionNDatum : Type

Data on mention-n readings with numeral quantification.

, Section 5.3 (citing Belnap): Questions like "Where do two unicorns live?" have multiple readings involving cumulative quantification.

• question : String

  The question

• numeral : Nat

  The numeral involved

• mentionSomeAnswer : String

  Mention-some answer (one place with n entities)

• cumulativeAnswer : String

  Mention-n/cumulative answer (multiple places covering n entities)

• choiceAnswer : String

  Choice answer (identify specific entities)

• cumulativeContext : String

  Context where cumulative is natural

• source : String

  Source

instance Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionNDatum : Repr MentionNDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionNDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionNDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprMentionNDatum.repr : MentionNDatum → Nat → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.whereTwoUnicorns : MentionNDatum

@cite{belnap-1982}'s unicorn example.

"Where do two unicorns live?" - classic example of cumulative quantification.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.whereThreeStudents : MentionNDatum

"Where do three students work?"

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.whoTwoProfessors : MentionNDatum

"Who do two professors recommend?"

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.mentionNExamples : List MentionNDatum

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structure Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.HumanConcernDatum : Type

Data on how human concerns/goals license mention-some.

, Section 5.4: The questioner's practical goal makes partial information sufficient.

• question : String

  The question

• humanConcern : String

  The underlying human concern/goal

• whyPartialSuffices : String

  Why partial answer suffices

• exampleAnswer : String

  A valid mention-some answer

• source : String

  Source

instance Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprHumanConcernDatum : Repr HumanConcernDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprHumanConcernDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprHumanConcernDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.instReprHumanConcernDatum.repr : HumanConcernDatum → Nat → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.buyCoffeeGoal : HumanConcernDatum

Buying coffee - classic practical goal.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.borrowPenGoal : HumanConcernDatum

Borrowing a pen - immediate practical need.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.findDoctorGoal : HumanConcernDatum

Finding a doctor - practical health concern.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.getDirectionsGoal : HumanConcernDatum

Getting directions - travel goal.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.humanConcernExamples : List HumanConcernDatum

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.totalExamples : Nat

Total number of mention-some phenomena examples.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.verbsThatBlock : Nat

Number of verb licensing examples that BLOCK mention-some.

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def Phenomena.Questions.MentionSome.verbsThatAllow : Nat

Number of verb licensing examples that ALLOW mention-some.

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