Empirical Data: @cite{kubota-2026} "Outlook Management"

@cite{kubota-2026}

Empirical observations on Japanese outlook markers from @cite{kubota-2026}.

Key Phenomena

1. Counterstance requirement (37–38): outlook markers require a salient counterstance
2. Non-cancelability (10–12): evaluative meaning cannot be contradicted
3. Denial targets prejacent (40–41): "no" denies propositional content, not stance
4. Perspective shift (42): evaluative meaning shifts to attitude holder under embedding
5. Modal interaction (45–46): stance interacts with modal flavor
6. Incompatibility patterns (11–12): mushiro/yahari mutually exclude igai-ni 'unexpected'

Felicity Judgments

Outlook markers are felicitous only when a counterstance is salient in the discourse (@cite{kubota-2026}: §3, examples (37)–(39)).

structure Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.FelicityDatum : Type

Felicity datum for an outlook marker in a discourse context.

• marker : String
• context : String

  The preceding discourse context

• sentence : String

  The sentence containing the marker

• felicitous : Bool

  Whether the marker is felicitous in this context

• explanation : String

  Why it is or isn't felicitous

• exampleNum : String

  Example number in @cite{kubota-2026}

instance Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprFelicityDatum : Repr FelicityDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprFelicityDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprFelicityDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprFelicityDatum.repr : FelicityDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex37_nanka_felicitous : FelicityDatum

(37): nanka is felicitous as a negative response to a positive evaluation. A: "Sweetened green tea is tasty, isn't it?" B: "I do like sweets, but sweetened green tea nanka is absolutely not tasty."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex38_nanka_infelicitous : FelicityDatum

(38): nanka is INfelicitous when no counterstance is salient. A: "I wonder what kind of drink tastes good with sugar in it." B: #"Sweetened green tea nanka is not tasty."

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex39_dōse_Q1_ok : FelicityDatum

(39): dōse is felicitous as a response to Q1 (whether sweetened green tea is tasty) but NOT as a response to Q2 (what drink tastes good with sugar).

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex39_dōse_Q2_bad : FelicityDatum

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Non-Cancelability

The evaluative meaning of outlook markers cannot be contradicted by preceding context (@cite{kubota-2026}: (10)–(12)).

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex10_nanka_noncancelable : FelicityDatum

(10): Preceding clause praising green tea with sugar contradicts nanka's negative evaluation → infelicity.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Denial Targets Prejacent, Not Stance

When B denies A's outlook-marked utterance, denial targets the propositional content, not the evaluative component (@cite{kubota-2026}: (40)–(41)). This is evidence for descriptive ineffability.

structure Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.DenialDatum : Type

Denial datum: what gets denied when responding "no" to an outlook-marked utterance.

• marker : String
• utterance : String
• denial : String
• denialMeaning : String

  What the denial means (≈)

• denialDoesNotMean : String

  What the denial does NOT mean (≉)

• exampleNum : String

instance Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprDenialDatum : Repr DenialDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprDenialDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprDenialDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprDenialDatum.repr : DenialDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex40_nanka_denial : DenialDatum

(40): Denying nanka-marked utterance denies the proposition, not the negative stance.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex41_dōse_denial : DenialDatum

(41): Denying dōse-marked utterance denies the proposition, not the pessimistic stance.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Perspective Shift Under Embedding

Under attitude predicates, the evaluative meaning of outlook markers can shift to the attitude holder's perspective (@cite{kubota-2026}: (42)). This distinguishes outlook markers from typical expressives.

structure Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.PerspectiveShiftDatum : Type

(42): dōse/nanka under attitude verb "think" — evaluation shifts to advisor's perspective.

• marker : String
• sentence : String
• perspectiveHolder : String

  Whose perspective the evaluation is attributed to

• evaluation : String

  The evaluation expressed

• exampleNum : String

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprPerspectiveShiftDatum.repr : PerspectiveShiftDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprPerspectiveShiftDatum : Repr PerspectiveShiftDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprPerspectiveShiftDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprPerspectiveShiftDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex42_perspective_shift : PerspectiveShiftDatum

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Modal Interaction Patterns

Different outlook markers have different compatibility with modal flavors (@cite{kubota-2026}: (45)–(46)).

structure Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ModalInteractionDatum : Type

Modal interaction datum: how an outlook marker behaves with a specific modal type.

• marker : String
• modalType : String
• modalForm : String

  Japanese modal expression

• acceptable : Bool

  Is the combination acceptable?

• interpretation : String

  Characterization of the resulting interpretation

• exampleNum : String

instance Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprModalInteractionDatum : Repr ModalInteractionDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprModalInteractionDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprModalInteractionDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.instReprModalInteractionDatum.repr : ModalInteractionDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex45a_nanka_epistemic : ModalInteractionDatum

(45a): nanka + epistemic hazu → neutral interpretation.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex45c_nanka_deontic : ModalInteractionDatum

(45c): nanka + deontic/bouletic → pejorative interpretation.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex46a_semete_epistemic_bad : ModalInteractionDatum

(46a): semete + epistemic hazu → unacceptable.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex46c_semete_desiderative_ok : ModalInteractionDatum

(46c): semete + desiderative -tai → acceptable.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.ex46d_semete_deontic_ok : ModalInteractionDatum

(46d): semete + deontic -beki → acceptable.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Verification: Fragment Entries Match Empirical Data

theorem Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.semete_modal_matches_data : Fragments.Japanese.OutlookMarkers.semete.modalCompat.epistemic = false ∧ Fragments.Japanese.OutlookMarkers.semete.modalCompat.deontic = true

semete's modal restriction in the fragment matches the empirical data: rejects epistemic (46a), accepts deontic (46d).

theorem Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.nanka_modal_matches_data : Fragments.Japanese.OutlookMarkers.nanka.modalCompat.epistemic = true ∧ Fragments.Japanese.OutlookMarkers.nanka.modalCompat.deontic = true

nanka's unrestricted modal compatibility matches the data: acceptable with both epistemic (45a) and deontic (45c).

def Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.allFelicityData : List FelicityDatum

All felicity data: counterstance present → felicitous, absent → infelicitous.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Phenomena.Modality.OutlookMarkers.Kubota2026.felicitous_iff_counterstance_salient : (List.filter (fun (x : FelicityDatum) => x.felicitous) allFelicityData).length = 2 ∧ (List.filter (fun (x : FelicityDatum) => !x.felicitous) allFelicityData).length = 3

Felicitous data points are exactly those with salient counterstance.