@cite{beltrama-schwarz-2024}: Empirical Data #
@cite{beltrama-schwarz-2024}
Experimental data from @cite{beltrama-schwarz-2024}, showing that speaker persona stereotypes affect imprecision resolution for round numerals.
Experiments #
Experiment 1 (Covered Screen Task): Participants choose which of two phone screens (COVERED vs VISIBLE) a speaker was looking at when making a round-numeral statement. Both Nerdy and Chill personae significantly affect choice rates.
Experiment 2 (Truth-Value Judgment Task): Participants judge whether a speaker's round-numeral statement is RIGHT or WRONG given a visible phone screen. Only the Chill persona significantly affects judgments.
Key empirical generalization #
Speaker persona stereotypes modulate imprecision resolution bi-directionally in inference tasks (Exp 1) but asymmetrically in judgment tasks (Exp 2): Chill speakers increase tolerance for imprecision in both tasks, but Nerdy speakers only increase exactness demands in the inference task.
Speaker persona condition (between-subjects). Participants read a short vignette describing the speaker (§3.1).
- nerdy : PersonaCondition
- chill : PersonaCondition
- noPersona : PersonaCondition
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Screen fit condition (within-subjects, §3.1). Determines the relationship between the speaker's round-numeral statement and the amount shown on the VISIBLE phone screen.
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Experimental task type.
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The trait descriptors used for each persona condition. Each participant read: "Ryan is [descriptors]."
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.personaDescriptors Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.PersonaCondition.noPersona = []
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Experiment 1 sample size after exclusions (§4.1). 134 participants from 151 recruited.
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Experiment 1, Model 1 (main effects only). DV: COVERED (1) vs VISIBLE (0). Reference levels: NoPersona, ScreenFit[Imprecise]. Table 1, Model 1 (§4.2).
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_intercept = { predictor := "Intercept", beta := 67 / 100, se := 18 / 100, significant := true }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_chill = { predictor := "Chill", beta := -67 / 100, se := 13 / 100, significant := true }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_nerdy = { predictor := "Nerdy", beta := 77 / 100, se := 14 / 100, significant := true }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_screenFitMatch = { predictor := "ScreenFit[Match]", beta := -447 / 100, se := 18 / 100, significant := true }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_screenFitMismatch = { predictor := "ScreenFit[Mismatch]", beta := 248 / 100, se := 20 / 100, significant := true }
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Experiment 1, Model 2 interaction terms (Table 1, Model 2). All Persona × ScreenFit interactions are non-significant (§4.2.2): persona effects are comparable across screen fit conditions.
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_chillMatch = { predictor := "Chill:Match", beta := -16 / 100, se := 37 / 100, significant := false }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_chillMismatch = { predictor := "Chill:Mismatch", beta := 12 / 100, se := 40 / 100, significant := false }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_nerdyMatch = { predictor := "Nerdy:Match", beta := 11 / 100, se := 35 / 100, significant := false }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp1_nerdyMismatch = { predictor := "Nerdy:Mismatch", beta := -22 / 100, se := 38 / 100, significant := false }
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Experiment 2 sample size after exclusions (§5.1). 132 participants from 150 recruited.
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Experiment 2, Model 1 (main effects only). DV: RIGHT (1) vs WRONG (0). Reference levels: NoPersona, ScreenFit[Imprecise]. Table 2, Model 1 (§5.2).
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp2_intercept = { predictor := "Intercept", beta := -78 / 100, se := 16 / 100, significant := true }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp2_chill = { predictor := "Chill", beta := 104 / 100, se := 16 / 100, significant := true }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp2_nerdy = { predictor := "Nerdy", beta := 2 / 100, se := 17 / 100, significant := false }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp2_screenFitMatch = { predictor := "ScreenFit[Match]", beta := 455 / 100, se := 20 / 100, significant := true }
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.exp2_screenFitMismatch = { predictor := "ScreenFit[Mismatch]", beta := -263 / 100, se := 18 / 100, significant := true }
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All critical items use round dollar amounts. Example from §3.1: "The phone costs $200."
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The imprecise screen shows a close-but-not-exact amount. Example from §3.1: visible screen shows $193 when statement says $200.
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Stimulus numerals are round: high roundness grade.
The imprecise value is non-round: zero roundness.
Roundness scores differ maximally: 6 vs 0.
Core finding: both persona conditions significantly affect Exp 1 (inference task).
Key asymmetry: in Exp 2 (judgment task), only Chill is significant.
Chill decreases COVERED rate (negative β): Chill persona leads listeners to favor the VISIBLE screen, treating the round numeral as imprecise (§4.2.2).
Nerdy increases COVERED rate (positive β): Nerdy persona leads listeners to favor the COVERED screen, treating the round numeral as exact (§4.2.2).
Chill increases RIGHT rate (positive β on RIGHT DV), i.e., increases tolerance for imprecision in truth-value judgments (§5.2.2).
Nerdy has no significant effect on truth-value judgments (§5.2.2).
No significant Persona × ScreenFit interactions in Exp 1 (§4.2.2): persona effects are comparable across all screen fit conditions.
This absence (while main effects ARE significant) implies that persona modulates a global interpretive parameter — the precision threshold — rather than a local disambiguation strategy that operates only in ambiguous contexts.
The Chill effect is larger in Exp 2 (|β| = 1.04) than in Exp 1 (|β| = 0.67).
Precision variants for numeral use.
- exact : PrecisionVariant
- approximate : PrecisionVariant
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The indexical field for numeral precision.
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The precision variant favored by a given persona condition.
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.personaPrecision Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.PersonaCondition.noPersona = none
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Persona conditions mapped to SCM social dimensions.
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.personaDimension Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.PersonaCondition.chill = some Sociolinguistics.SCM.SocialDimension.warmth
- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.personaDimension Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.PersonaCondition.noPersona = none
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Bidirectionality theorem: production and comprehension mappings cohere.
Exact and approximate use have opposite associations with every dimension.
- towardRejection : ResponseShift
- towardAcceptance : ResponseShift
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.rejectionIsPrejudicial Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.TaskType.coveredScreen = False
- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.rejectionIsPrejudicial Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.TaskType.truthValueJudgment = True
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.instDecidableRejectionIsPrejudicial Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.TaskType.truthValueJudgment = isTrue trivial
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- Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.shiftManifests Phenomena.Imprecision.Studies.BeltramaSchwarz2024.ResponseShift.towardAcceptance task = True
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Both personae's effects manifest in CST.
Only Chill's effect manifests in TVJT.
Combined task asymmetry matches empirical significance pattern.
Whether imprecise readings are available for a numeral.
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Roundness gates persona effects: $200 supports imprecision, $193 does not.
Multiples of 10 always have imprecise readings.