Implicit Causality Data for Psych Verbs

@cite{solstad-bott-2022} @cite{solstad-bott-2024}

Theory-neutral experimental data on implicit causality (I-Caus) and implicit consequentiality (I-Cons) for psych verbs. The experimental data comes from @cite{solstad-bott-2022}, which tests stimulus-experiencer (STIM-EXP) and experiencer-stimulus (EXP-STIM) verb classes in German.

The theoretical framework connecting occasion verbs, projectivity, and IC bias comes from @cite{solstad-bott-2024}.

Verb classes

• StimExp (Stimulus-Experiencer): frighten, annoy, amuse — NP1 bias
• ExpStim (Experiencer-Stimulus): admire, like, fear — NP2 bias
• AgentEvocator (Agent-Evocator): criticise, congratulate — NP2 bias
• AgentPatient (Agent-Patient): kick, chase, hit — NP1 bias

Key empirical findings

1. Exp 1 (sentence continuation): I-Caus and I-Cons biases mirror each other for psych verbs. STIM-EXP: 87.4% NP1 with weil; EXP-STIM: 96% NP2 with weil.
2. Exp 2 (coherence relations): Explanations dominate over consequences for both classes; consequence rate differs by class.
3. Exp 3 (forced coreference): Asymmetry Hypothesis confirmed — even bias-incongruent continuations produce explanations.
4. Exp 4 (explanation types): Explanations and consequences are of the types predicted by the Two-Mechanism Account.

inductive Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.VerbClass : Type

Verb classes from the IC bias literature.

• stimExp : VerbClass
• expStim : VerbClass
• agentEvocator : VerbClass
• agentPat : VerbClass

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instDecidableEqVerbClass : DecidableEq VerbClass

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instDecidableEqVerbClass x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprVerbClass.repr : VerbClass → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprVerbClass : Repr VerbClass

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprVerbClass = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprVerbClass.repr }

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqVerbClass : BEq VerbClass

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqVerbClass = { beq := Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqVerbClass.beq }

def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqVerbClass.beq : VerbClass → VerbClass → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqVerbClass.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

inductive Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.ICBias : Type

Implicit causality bias direction.

• np1 : ICBias
• np2 : ICBias

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instDecidableEqICBias : DecidableEq ICBias

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instDecidableEqICBias x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprICBias : Repr ICBias

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprICBias = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprICBias.repr }

def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprICBias.repr : ICBias → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqICBias : BEq ICBias

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqICBias = { beq := Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqICBias.beq }

def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqICBias.beq : ICBias → ICBias → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqICBias.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.VerbClass.predictedBias : VerbClass → ICBias

Predicted IC bias direction for each verb class.

The IC bias tracks the STIMULUS argument, not the subject per se:

• StimExp (stimulus = subject) → NP1 (explanation about subject)
• ExpStim (stimulus = object) → NP2 (explanation about object)
• AgentEvocator (evocator = object) → NP2
• AgPat (agent = subject) → NP1 (default)

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.VerbClass.stimExp.predictedBias = Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.ICBias.np1
• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.VerbClass.expStim.predictedBias = Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.ICBias.np2
• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.VerbClass.agentEvocator.predictedBias = Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.ICBias.np2
• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.VerbClass.agentPat.predictedBias = Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.ICBias.np1

inductive Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.ExpConnective : Type

Connective conditions in @cite{solstad-bott-2022}. German connectives weil (because) and sodass (and so).

• weil : ExpConnective
• sodass : ExpConnective

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instDecidableEqExpConnective : DecidableEq ExpConnective

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instDecidableEqExpConnective x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprExpConnective : Repr ExpConnective

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprExpConnective = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprExpConnective.repr }

def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprExpConnective.repr : ExpConnective → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqExpConnective.beq : ExpConnective → ExpConnective → Bool

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqExpConnective.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqExpConnective : BEq ExpConnective

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqExpConnective = { beq := Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instBEqExpConnective.beq }

structure Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.CorefDatum : Type

Subject coreference proportion from Exp 1, Table 1 of @cite{solstad-bott-2022}. These are real data from 52 German participants with 20 STIM-EXP and 20 EXP-STIM verbs (gefallen excluded).

• verbClass : VerbClass
• connective : ExpConnective
• subjectCorefPct : ℚ

instance Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprCorefDatum : Repr CorefDatum

Equations

• Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprCorefDatum = { reprPrec := Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprCorefDatum.repr }

def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.instReprCorefDatum.repr : CorefDatum → ℕ → Std.Format

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def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.exp1_stimExp_weil : CorefDatum

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def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.exp1_expStim_weil : CorefDatum

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def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.exp1_stimExp_sodass : CorefDatum

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def Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.exp1_expStim_sodass : CorefDatum

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theorem Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.stimExp_opposes_expStim : VerbClass.stimExp.predictedBias ≠ VerbClass.expStim.predictedBias

StimExp and ExpStim have opposite predicted IC bias.

theorem Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.stimExp_weil_np1_bias : exp1_stimExp_weil.subjectCorefPct > 50

I-Caus (weil): StimExp has strong NP1 bias (87.4% > 50%).

theorem Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.expStim_weil_np2_bias : exp1_expStim_weil.subjectCorefPct < 50

I-Caus (weil): ExpStim has strong NP2 bias (4.0% < 50%).

theorem Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.icons_mirrors_icaus : exp1_stimExp_sodass.subjectCorefPct < 50 ∧ exp1_expStim_sodass.subjectCorefPct > 50

I-Cons (sodass): Biases mirror I-Caus — StimExp → NP2, ExpStim → NP1. (@cite{solstad-bott-2022}, §2.3: "almost perfect negative correlation" r = −0.94)

theorem Phenomena.ImplicitCausality.Studies.SolstadBott2024.asymmetry_hypothesis_supported : exp1_stimExp_weil.subjectCorefPct > exp1_expStim_sodass.subjectCorefPct

The Asymmetry Hypothesis: I-Caus and I-Cons derive from different mechanisms:

• I-Caus: verb-semantic (Empty Slot Theory)
• I-Cons: discourse-structural (Contiguity Principle)