Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Turkish.Possession

Turkish Possessive Constructions #

@cite{heine-1997} @cite{stassen-2009}

Turkish (Altaic) derives its primary have-construction from the Genitive Schema ("X's Y exists" → "X has Y"). The construction consists of:

Possessor in genitive case (-(n)In)
Possessum with possessive agreement suffix (-(s)I)
Existential predicate var 'existent' (or yok 'non-existent')

Turkish also has a Goal Schema variant using dative (-A) with existential var, and the Equation Schema for belong-constructions.

Examples #

Hasan-ın inek-i var. 'Hasan has a cow.' (Hasan-GEN cow-POSS existent)
Bende kitap var. 'I have a book.' (at-me book existent; Location variant)
Kitab-ım var. 'I have a book.' (book-POSS.1SG existent; Genitive)

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.sourceSchema :

Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessionSource

Turkish uses the Genitive Schema for its primary have-construction: GEN-possessor + POSS-possessum + var/yok.

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.sourceSchema = Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessionSource.genitive

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def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.predicativeStrategy :

Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PredicativePossession

Turkish's predicative strategy is genitive/dative (the possessor is marked with genitive case, the predicate is a non-verbal existential).

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.predicativeStrategy = Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PredicativePossession.genitiveDative

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inductive Fragments.Turkish.Possession.PossPerson :

Turkish possessive suffix paradigm. These suffixes appear on the possessum and agree with the possessor in person and number.

first : PossPerson
second : PossPerson
third : PossPerson

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossPerson :

DecidableEq PossPerson

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossPerson.beq :

PossPerson → PossPerson → Bool

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossPerson.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossPerson :

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossPerson = { beq := Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossPerson.beq }

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson.repr :

PossPerson → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson :

Repr PossPerson

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson = { reprPrec := Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossPerson.repr }

inductive Fragments.Turkish.Possession.PossNumber :

sg : PossNumber
pl : PossNumber

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossNumber :

DecidableEq PossNumber

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqPossNumber x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossNumber.beq :

PossNumber → PossNumber → Bool

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossNumber.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossNumber :

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossNumber = { beq := Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqPossNumber.beq }

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber :

Repr PossNumber

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber = { reprPrec := Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber.repr }

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprPossNumber.repr :

PossNumber → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.possSuffix :

PossPerson → PossNumber → String

Possessive suffix forms (after consonant-final stems).

Equations

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inductive Fragments.Turkish.Possession.ExistPred :

The existential predicate in Turkish possessive constructions.

var : ExistPred
var 'existent, there is' — affirmative possession
yok : ExistPred
yok 'non-existent, there is not' — negative possession

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqExistPred :

DecidableEq ExistPred

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instDecidableEqExistPred x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqExistPred.beq :

ExistPred → ExistPred → Bool

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqExistPred.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqExistPred :

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqExistPred = { beq := Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instBEqExistPred.beq }

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred.repr :

ExistPred → ℕ → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

instance Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred :

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred = { reprPrec := Fragments.Turkish.Possession.instReprExistPred.repr }

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.existPredIsNonVerbal :

var/yok is not a verb — it is a non-verbal predicate that takes no tense/aspect morphology in the base form. This is characteristic of non-lexical predicate nuclei in Heine's Genitive Schema.

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.existPredIsNonVerbal = true

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def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.locationVariant :

Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessionSource

Turkish also has a Location Schema variant where the possessor takes locative case (-DA) instead of genitive. This variant tends toward physical/temporary possession readings.

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.locationVariant = Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessionSource.location

Instances For

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.belongSchema :

Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessionSource

Turkish uses the Equation Schema for belong-constructions with genitive predicates: Kitap Hasan-ın. 'The book is Hasan's.'

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.belongSchema = Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessionSource.equation

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def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.attestedSchemas :

List Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessionSource

Turkish exhibits three schemas, as Heine predicts is common for languages that draw on Existence sub-schemas.

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.attestedSchemas = [Fragments.Turkish.Possession.sourceSchema , Fragments.Turkish.Possession.locationVariant , Fragments.Turkish.Possession.belongSchema ]

Instances For

theorem Fragments.Turkish.Possession.three_schemas :

attestedSchemas.length = 3

def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.genitiveNotions :

List Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion

The Genitive Schema in Turkish is used for permanent, inalienable, and abstract possession. Physical/temporary possession is expressed by the Location Schema variant with locative case. This matches Heine's generalizations: Existence schemas correlate with permanent/inalienable notions; Location with physical/temporary.

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def Fragments.Turkish.Possession.locationNotions :

List Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion

Equations

Fragments.Turkish.Possession.locationNotions = [Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.physical , Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.temporary ]

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theorem Fragments.Turkish.Possession.genitive_not_physical :

¬genitiveNotions.contains Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.physical = true

Genitive Schema does not express physical possession in Turkish.

theorem Fragments.Turkish.Possession.location_not_inalienable :

¬locationNotions.contains Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.inalienable = true

Location Schema does not express inalienable possession in Turkish.

theorem Fragments.Turkish.Possession.genitive_matches_heine :

have p := Phenomena.Possession.Studies.Heine1997.predictionsFor sourceSchema; p.yieldsHave = true ∧ p.yieldsBelong = false ∧ p.possessorIsSubject = false

Turkish's primary Genitive Schema matches Heine's predictions: have-construction (not belong), possessee as subject.

theorem Fragments.Turkish.Possession.genitive_notions_match_prediction :

(Phenomena.Possession.Studies.Heine1997.schemaTypicalNotions sourceSchema).contains Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.permanent = true ∧ (Phenomena.Possession.Studies.Heine1997.schemaTypicalNotions sourceSchema).contains Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.inalienable = true

Heine predicts Genitive Schema correlates with permanent/inalienable notions. Turkish's genitive notions match this.

theorem Fragments.Turkish.Possession.location_notions_match_prediction :

(Phenomena.Possession.Studies.Heine1997.schemaTypicalNotions locationVariant).contains Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.physical = true ∧ (Phenomena.Possession.Studies.Heine1997.schemaTypicalNotions locationVariant).contains Phenomena.Possession.Typology.PossessiveNotion.temporary = true

Heine predicts Location Schema correlates with physical/temporary notions. Turkish's location variant notions match this.

theorem Fragments.Turkish.Possession.wals_consistent :

Phenomena.Possession.Studies.Heine1997.walsToSchema Core.WALS.F117A.PredicativePossession.genitive = sourceSchema

WALS F117A classifies Turkish as genitive, matching our primary Genitive Schema.