Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness

Turkish Definiteness and Specificity #

@cite{goksel-kerslake-2005}

Turkish lacks definite and indefinite articles. Instead, definiteness and specificity are marked by accusative case and word order (@cite{goksel-kerslake-2005} Ch 14, 22).

The ACC/bare alternation #

FormMarkingInterpretation
ACC-marked: kitab-ı okudum-(y)Idefinite or specific indefinite
Bare: kitap okudumzerononspecific indefinite

Positional constraints #

Bare (nonspecific) objects must appear immediately preverbal; they form a tight prosodic and syntactic unit with the verb (pseudo-incorporation). ACC-marked objects can appear in any preverbal position (scramble freely).

Connection to differential object marking #

This is a canonical instance of differential object marking (DOM): definite/specific objects receive overt case, nonspecific ones do not. The Turkish pattern is often cited in @cite{aissen-2003} as a paradigm case of specificity-driven DOM.

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inductive Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.ObjectMarking :
Type

Object marking types in Turkish.

Instances For
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    instance Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instDecidableEqObjectMarking :
    DecidableEq ObjectMarking
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    def Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instBEqObjectMarking.beq :
    ObjectMarking → ObjectMarking → Bool
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      instance Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instBEqObjectMarking :
      BEq ObjectMarking
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      instance Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instReprObjectMarking :
      Repr ObjectMarking
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      def Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instReprObjectMarking.repr :
      ObjectMarking → Nat → Std.Format
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      • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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        inductive Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.Specificity :
        Type

        Referential properties of Turkish direct objects.

        Instances For
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          instance Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instDecidableEqSpecificity :
          DecidableEq Specificity
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          instance Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instBEqSpecificity :
          BEq Specificity
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          def Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instBEqSpecificity.beq :
          Specificity → Specificity → Bool
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            def Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instReprSpecificity.repr :
            Specificity → Nat → Std.Format
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            • One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
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              instance Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.instReprSpecificity :
              Repr Specificity
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              def Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.compatible :
              ObjectMarking → Specificity → Bool

              Which specificities are compatible with each marking type?

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                def Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.mustBePreverbal :
                ObjectMarking → Bool

                Must this object type appear immediately preverbal?

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                Instances For
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                  theorem Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.definite_requires_acc :
                  compatible ObjectMarking.bare Specificity.definite = false ∧ compatible ObjectMarking.accusative Specificity.definite = true

                  ACC required for definite objects.

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                  theorem Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.bare_is_nonspecific :
                  compatible ObjectMarking.bare Specificity.nonspecificIndef = true ∧ compatible ObjectMarking.bare Specificity.specificIndef = false ∧ compatible ObjectMarking.bare Specificity.definite = false

                  Bare objects are always nonspecific.

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                  theorem Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.acc_covers_specific :
                  compatible ObjectMarking.accusative Specificity.definite = true ∧ compatible ObjectMarking.accusative Specificity.specificIndef = true

                  ACC covers both definite and specific indefinite.

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                  theorem Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.acc_excludes_nonspecific :
                  compatible ObjectMarking.accusative Specificity.nonspecificIndef = false

                  ACC does not cover nonspecific indefinites (DOM gap).

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                  theorem Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.bare_preverbal :
                  mustBePreverbal ObjectMarking.bare = true

                  Bare objects must be preverbal; ACC objects are positionally free.

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                  theorem Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.acc_free :
                  mustBePreverbal ObjectMarking.accusative = false
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                  theorem Fragments.Turkish.Definiteness.acc_in_inventory :
                  Case.caseInventory.contains Core.Case.acc = true

                  The accusative case is in the Turkish case inventory.