San Martín Peras Mixtec (SMPM) Fragment

@cite{ostrove-2026}

Language data for San Martín Peras Mixtec (ISO: jmx), an Oto-Manguean language spoken by about 12,000 people in Oaxaca, Mexico. SMPM is predicate-initial (VSO) and non-pro-drop: all clauses require overt subjects and all transitive clauses require overt objects.

Coverage

• Morpho-aspectual system: completive, continuous, irrealis
• Pronoun paradigm: person × number × gender, clitic vs nonclitic
• Embedded clause typology (three-way: finite, tensed subj., untensed subj.)
• Complement-taking predicate classification by clause type selected

inductive Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.Aspect : Type

SMPM's three morpho-aspectual categories.

All clauses must be marked with one of these. SMPM lacks morphologically nonfinite predicates — the completive/continuous/ irrealis distinction is the only TAM system. Aspect is primarily tonal: completive by low tone or prefix nì-, continuous by high tone, irrealis by mid/unmarked tone or stem changes.

• comp : Aspect

  Completive (COMP): low tone on first vowel, or prefix nì-

• cont : Aspect

  Continuous (CONT): high tone on first vowel

• irr : Aspect

  Irrealis (IRR): mid/unmarked tone or stem changes

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqAspect : DecidableEq Aspect

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqAspect x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqAspect.beq : Aspect → Aspect → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqAspect.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqAspect : BEq Aspect

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqAspect = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqAspect.beq }

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect : Repr Aspect

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect.repr }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprAspect.repr : Aspect → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

inductive Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.Person : Type

• first : Person
• second : Person
• third : Person

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqPerson : DecidableEq Person

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqPerson x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPerson : BEq Person

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPerson = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPerson.beq }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPerson.beq : Person → Person → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPerson.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPerson : Repr Person

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPerson = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPerson.repr }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPerson.repr : Person → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

inductive Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.Clusivity : Type

• incl : Clusivity
• excl : Clusivity

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClusivity : DecidableEq Clusivity

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClusivity x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClusivity.beq : Clusivity → Clusivity → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClusivity.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClusivity : BEq Clusivity

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClusivity = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClusivity.beq }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClusivity.repr : Clusivity → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClusivity : Repr Clusivity

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClusivity = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClusivity.repr }

inductive Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.Gender : Type

Grammatical genders for nonlocal (3rd person) pronouns (table 5).

SMPM distinguishes six genders in the singular and two in the plural. There is no number distinction for most nonlocal pronouns: e.g., =rà 'he, they (all-male group)'.

• neutral : Gender
• fem : Gender
• masc : Gender
• liq : Gender
• wd : Gender
• aml : Gender

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqGender : DecidableEq Gender

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqGender.beq : Gender → Gender → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqGender.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqGender : BEq Gender

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqGender = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqGender.beq }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr : Gender → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender : Repr Gender

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprGender.repr }

structure Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.PronounForm : Type

A pronoun form: clitic and (optional) nonclitic variant.

SMPM distinguishes clitic and nonclitic pronouns (@cite{cardinaletti-starke-1999}). Clitics cannot be coordinated, cannot occur on their own, and may have impersonal readings. Nonclitic forms can bear focus (e.g., with íntàà 'only').

• clitic : String
• nonclitic : Option String

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPronounForm : Repr PronounForm

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPronounForm = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPronounForm.repr }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprPronounForm.repr : PronounForm → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPronounForm.beq : PronounForm → PronounForm → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPronounForm.beq { clitic := a, nonclitic := a_1 } { clitic := b, nonclitic := b_1 } = (a == b && a_1 == b_1)
• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPronounForm.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPronounForm : BEq PronounForm

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPronounForm = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqPronounForm.beq }

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqPronounForm : DecidableEq PronounForm

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqPronounForm = Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqPronounForm.decEq

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqPronounForm.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : PronounForm) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron1sg : PronounForm

Local person clitic pronouns (tables 4, 61).

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron1sg = { clitic := "=ì", nonclitic := some "yù'u" }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron2sg : PronounForm

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron2sg = { clitic := "=ú", nonclitic := some "yô'o" }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron1plIncl : PronounForm

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron1plIncl = { clitic := "=(y)é", nonclitic := none }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron1plExcl : PronounForm

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron1plExcl = { clitic := "=ndú", nonclitic := some "ndú'ú" }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron2pl : PronounForm

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron2pl = { clitic := "=ndó", nonclitic := some "ndó'ó" }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgNeutral : String

Nonlocal (3rd person) singular clitic forms (table 5).

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgNeutral = "=ñà"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgFem : String

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgFem = "=ñá"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgMasc : String

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgMasc = "=rà"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgLiq : String

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgLiq = "=rá"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgWd : String

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgWd = "=tún"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgAml : String

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3sgAml = "=rí"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3plNeutral : String

Nonlocal plural clitic forms (table 5).

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3plNeutral = "=nà"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3plFem : String

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pron3plFem = "=ná"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.controlledSubjectMustBeClitic : Bool

Controlled subjects in untensed subjunctives must be CLITIC pronouns. Nonclitic forms are ungrammatical in this position (67).

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.controlledSubjectMustBeClitic = true

inductive Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType : Type

SMPM's three embedded clause types, distinguished by three binary features (table 26).

SMPM lacks morphologically nonfinite predicates: all clauses are marked with one of the three aspects. The "tensed" vs "untensed" subjunctive distinction is diagnosed by independent temporal adverbs and noncoreferential subject availability, not by overt tense morphology.

• finiteEmbedded : ClauseType

  Finite embedded clause: unrestricted TAM, free subject reference, no restructuring. Selected by: ka'án 'think', nakanini 'believe', kà'àn 'say', káchi 'said', kusijǐ ini 'be happy', etc.

• tensedSubjunctive : ClauseType

  Tensed subjunctive: restricted TAM (irrealis only), free subject reference, no restructuring. Allows ná for disjoint reference. Selected by: kòni 'want', sǐso ini 'hate', ntatu 'hope', etc.

• untensedSubjunctive : ClauseType

  Untensed subjunctive: restricted TAM (irrealis only), obligatory coreference, mandatory restructuring. Subject must be overt clitic pronoun. Selected by: ntùkú 'try', nàkú'ún 'remember', kìxà 'start', sakwā'a 'learn', etc.

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseType : DecidableEq ClauseType

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseType.beq : ClauseType → ClauseType → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseType.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseType : BEq ClauseType

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseType = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseType.beq }

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseType : Repr ClauseType

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseType = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseType.repr }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseType.repr : ClauseType → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

structure Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseProperties : Type

Properties distinguishing the three clause types (table 26).

• unrestrictedTAM : Bool

  Unrestricted TAM morphology (all three aspects available)

• noncoreferentialSubject : Bool

  Noncoreferential embedded subject allowed

• restructuring : Bool

  Shows restructuring effects (quantifier fronting targets matrix)

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties : DecidableEq ClauseProperties

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties = Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties.decEq

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqClauseProperties.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : ClauseProperties) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseProperties : BEq ClauseProperties

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseProperties = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseProperties.beq }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseProperties.beq : ClauseProperties → ClauseProperties → Bool

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqClauseProperties.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties : Repr ClauseProperties

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties.repr }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprClauseProperties.repr : ClauseProperties → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties : ClauseType → ClauseProperties

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded = { unrestrictedTAM := true, noncoreferentialSubject := true, restructuring := false }
• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive = { unrestrictedTAM := false, noncoreferentialSubject := true, restructuring := false }
• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.clauseProperties Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive = { unrestrictedTAM := false, noncoreferentialSubject := false, restructuring := true }

structure Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.CTP : Type

A complement-taking predicate in SMPM.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• selects : ClauseType

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP.repr : CTP → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP : Repr CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP = { reprPrec := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instReprCTP.repr }

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqCTP : BEq CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqCTP = { beq := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqCTP.beq }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqCTP.beq : CTP → CTP → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqCTP.beq { form := a, gloss := a_1, selects := a_2 } { form := b, gloss := b_1, selects := b_2 } = (a == b && (a_1 == b_1 && a_2 == b_2))
• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instBEqCTP.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : CTP) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP : DecidableEq CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP = Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.instDecidableEqCTP.decEq

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.think : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.think = { form := "ka'án", gloss := "think", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.believe : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.believe = { form := "nakanini", gloss := "believe", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.wonder : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.wonder = { form := "kuntàà ini", gloss := "wonder", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.know : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.know = { form := "kòni", gloss := "know", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.say : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.say = { form := "kà'àn", gloss := "say", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.chat : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.chat = { form := "ntatǔ'un", gloss := "chat", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.said : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.said = { form := "káchi", gloss := "said", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy = { form := "kusijǐ ini", gloss := "be happy", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beSad : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beSad = { form := "ntsi'i ini", gloss := "be sad", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.regret : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.regret = { form := "ntsiko ini", gloss := "regret", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.finiteEmbedded }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.want : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.want = { form := "kòni", gloss := "want", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.hate : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.hate = { form := "sǐso ini", gloss := "hate", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beAfraid : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beAfraid = { form := "iyì'bí", gloss := "be afraid", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beScared : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beScared = { form := "kuntasí", gloss := "be scared", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pray : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.pray = { form := "nakwatu", gloss := "pray", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.hope : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.hope = { form := "ntatu", gloss := "hope", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.agree : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.agree = { form := "xiinka", gloss := "agree", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.refuse : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.refuse = { form := "xǐunka", gloss := "refuse", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.getIdea : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.getIdea = { form := "chikàà ini", gloss := "get the idea", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.try_ : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.try_ = { form := "ntùkú", gloss := "try", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.remember : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.remember = { form := "nàkú'ún", gloss := "remember", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.forget : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.forget = { form := "nantōso", gloss := "forget", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.likeTo : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.likeTo = { form := "kutō", gloss := "like to", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.start : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.start = { form := "kìxà", gloss := "start", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.finish : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.finish = { form := "ntsi'i", gloss := "finish", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.stop : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.stop = { form := "xikwīn", gloss := "stop", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.continue_ : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.continue_ = { form := "kò xikwīn", gloss := "continue", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.need : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.need = { form := "xiniñu'u", gloss := "need", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.knowHow : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.knowHow = { form := "kòni xá kasa", gloss := "know how to", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.learnHow : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.learnHow = { form := "sakwā'a", gloss := "learn how to", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.notBother : CTP

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.notBother = { form := "kò ntaa", gloss := "not bother", selects := Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive }

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.think_finite : think.selects = ClauseType.finiteEmbedded

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.want_tensed : want.selects = ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.try_untensed : try_.selects = ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.hope_tensed : hope.selects = ClauseType.tensedSubjunctive

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.remember_untensed : remember.selects = ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.notBother_untensed : notBother.selects = ClauseType.untensedSubjunctive

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.chat_finite : chat.selects = ClauseType.finiteEmbedded

theorem Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.beHappy_finite : beHappy.selects = ClauseType.finiteEmbedded

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.allowsProDrop : Bool

SMPM is non-pro-drop: all clauses require overt subjects (3).

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.allowsProDrop = false

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.predicateInitial : Bool

SMPM is predicate-initial: VSO for verbal, copula-initial for nominal/adjectival predicates (2a–c).

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.predicateInitial = true

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.reflexiveFormation : String

SMPM reflexive anaphors are formed with the definite article mí plus a clitic pronoun (71). Only locally bound — without mí, only a noncoreferential interpretation is available (72).

Examples:

• Xini Juân mí =rà ini yùtátá. 'Juan saw himself in the mirror.'
• Saá kâ'àn María xa'ǎ mí =ñá. 'María always talks about herself.'

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.reflexiveFormation = "mí + clitic pronoun"

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.quantifiersBindReflexives : Bool

Quantified nominals can locally bind reflexive anaphors (73).

• Tá'iin'iin =nà bálí xìni mí =nà ini yùtátá. 'Every child saw themselves in the mirror.'

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.quantifiersBindReflexives = true

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorAllowsQuantifiedAntecedent : Bool

Exempt anaphors (reflexive forms used outside canonical binding domain) CANNOT have quantified antecedents (75, 78).

• *Tá'iin'iin tsǐnà tsìi ndò'ò mí =rí. 'Each dog bit its own tail.'
• *Ni'iin =ná bálí ní- xìni táta mí =ná. 'No girl saw her own father.'

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorAllowsQuantifiedAntecedent = false

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorsAsPossessors : Bool

Exempt anaphors occur as possessors (74) but are restricted: they cannot have quantified antecedents.

• Tsìi tsǐnà ndò'ò {=rí, mí =rí}. 'The dog bit {its, its own} tail.'
• Xìni María táta {=ñá, mí =ñá}. 'María saw {her, her own} father.'

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.exemptAnaphorsAsPossessors = true

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.naDisjointReferenceMarker : Bool

Ná is a morpheme used in tensed subjunctives to force disjoint reference when the embedded subject does not match the matrix subject in φ-features (18b–d). It is optional with nonpronominal subjects (18d). Ná does NOT occur with untensed subjunctives (19).

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.naDisjointReferenceMarker = true

def Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.cliticLeftDislocationIslandSensitive : Bool

Clitic left-dislocation in SMPM is NOT island-sensitive (80–82): it is available out of adjunct islands and wh-islands. This argues against a movement analysis of left-dislocation.

Equations

• Fragments.Mixtec.SMPM.cliticLeftDislocationIslandSensitive = false