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Linglib.Fragments.Latin.Case

Latin Case Inventory @cite{blake-1994} #

Latin has 6 cases in the standard description (@cite{blake-1994}, passim): NOM, ACC, GEN, DAT, ABL, VOC. Latin is Blake's primary example language throughout Case — its paradigms illustrate syncretism patterns (Ch. 2, pp. 19–24), the core/peripheral distinction, and the ABL's wide functional range (source, instrument, cause, comparison).

A vestigial locative survives for a few nouns (place names, domī 'at home', humī 'on the ground'). Including it gives a 7-case inventory that satisfies Blake's contiguity; the standard 6-case inventory has a gap at rank 3 (LOC) between DAT and ABL.

Syncretism #

Latin syncretism patterns divide into two groups:

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def Fragments.Latin.Case.caseInventory :
List Core.Case

Standard Latin 6-case inventory (NOM ACC GEN DAT ABL VOC).

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    def Fragments.Latin.Case.coreInventory :
    List Core.Case

    The hierarchy-relevant subset (excluding VOC at rank 0).

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      theorem Fragments.Latin.Case.core_inventory_fails_strict :
      Core.validInventory coreInventory = false

      Latin's 5-case core inventory fails strict contiguity: DAT (rank 4) and ABL (rank 2) have no LOC (rank 3) between them.

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      def Fragments.Latin.Case.inventoryWithLocative :
      List Core.Case

      With the vestigial locative, contiguous on ranks 6–2. VOC (rank 0) creates a gap at rank 1 under strict checking, so we validate the hierarchy-relevant subset without it.

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        theorem Fragments.Latin.Case.inventory_with_loc_valid :
        Core.validInventory inventoryWithLocative = true
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        def Fragments.Latin.Case.neuterSyncretism :
        Theories.Morphology.CaseContainment.Syncretism

        NOM/ACC syncretism in neuter nouns (2nd, 3rd, 4th declension). Instantiates the cross-linguistic NOM/ACC pattern from Core.Case.Syncretism.

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          theorem Fragments.Latin.Case.neuter_syncretism_adjacent :
          Theories.Morphology.CaseContainment.hierarchyAdjacent Core.Case.nom Core.Case.acc = true

          NOM/ACC is same-tier (both rank 6) — trivially adjacent.

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          def Fragments.Latin.Case.pluralDatAblSyncretism :
          Theories.Morphology.CaseContainment.Syncretism

          DAT/ABL syncretism in the plural.

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            theorem Fragments.Latin.Case.dat_abl_not_strictly_adjacent :
            Theories.Morphology.CaseContainment.hierarchyAdjacent Core.Case.dat Core.Case.abl = false

            DAT/ABL are NOT strictly adjacent on the hierarchy (ranks 4, 2) — LOC (rank 3) intervenes. But they ARE inventory-adjacent in the standard 6-case system that lacks LOC.

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            theorem Fragments.Latin.Case.dat_abl_inventory_adjacent :
            Theories.Morphology.CaseContainment.inventoryAdjacent coreInventory Core.Case.dat Core.Case.abl = true
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            theorem Fragments.Latin.Case.abl_extends_to_inst :
            Core.Case.inst ∈ Core.caseExtension Core.Case.abl

            Latin ABL is the textbook case of case extension: a single morphological form covers source (ablativus separativus), instrumental (ablativus instrumenti), and causal (ablativus causae) functions. These are exactly the ablative extension targets in @cite{heine-2009} Table 29.6, formalized in Core.caseExtension.

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            theorem Fragments.Latin.Case.abl_extends_to_caus :
            Core.Case.caus ∈ Core.caseExtension Core.Case.abl