Hungarian Coordination Morphemes

@cite{szabolcsi-2015} @cite{bill-etal-2025}

Hungarian is one of two languages in our sample (with Georgian) that attests all three M&S conjunction strategies: J-only, MU-only, and J-MU.

• és — J, free, prepositive: "A és B"
• is — MU, free, postpositive: "A is B is"
• és...is — J-MU combined: "A is és B is"

The MU particle is is also Hungarian's additive/focus particle ("also/too"), confirming Mitrović & Sauerland's prediction that MU = additive particle.

@cite{bill-etal-2025} found no significant sentence-type effect on comprehension in Hungarian children (possibly ceiling effects).

Connection to Typology.lean: Phenomena.Coordination.Typology.hungarian Connection to BillEtAl2025: Hungarian is one of two test languages.

inductive Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.CoordRole : Type

Role of a coordination morpheme in the M&S decomposition.

• j : CoordRole
• mu : CoordRole
• disj : CoordRole
• advers : CoordRole

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordRole : DecidableEq CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole : BEq CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole = { beq := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq : CoordRole → CoordRole → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole : Repr CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole = { reprPrec := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole.repr }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole.repr : CoordRole → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

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inductive Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.Boundness : Type

Morphological boundness.

• free : Boundness
• bound : Boundness

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instDecidableEqBoundness : DecidableEq Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instDecidableEqBoundness x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness : BEq Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness = { beq := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq : Boundness → Boundness → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprBoundness : Repr Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprBoundness = { reprPrec := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprBoundness.repr }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprBoundness.repr : Boundness → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

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structure Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.CoordEntry : Type

A Hungarian coordination entry.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• role : CoordRole
• boundness : Boundness
• alsoAdditive : Bool

  Does this morpheme also serve as an additive/focus particle?

• note : String

  Notes on usage or distribution

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry : Repr CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry = { reprPrec := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry.repr }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry.repr : CoordEntry → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry : BEq CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry = { beq := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq : CoordEntry → CoordEntry → Bool

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.es : CoordEntry

és — primary conjunction, J particle. Free, prepositive. "Péter és Mari" = "Péter and Mari".

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.es = { form := "és", gloss := "and", role := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.CoordRole.j, boundness := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.Boundness.free }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.is_ : CoordEntry

is — MU particle / additive focus particle. Free, postpositive. Conjunction: "Péter is Mari is" = "both Péter and Mari". Additive: "Péter is alszik" = "Péter also sleeps". One of the key pieces of evidence for M&S's MU = additive particle claim.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.vagy : CoordEntry

vagy — disjunction. Free, prepositive. "Péter vagy Mari" = "Péter or Mari".

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.vagy = { form := "vagy", gloss := "or", role := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.CoordRole.disj, boundness := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.Boundness.free }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.de : CoordEntry

de — adversative conjunction. "szép de drága" = "beautiful but expensive".

Equations

• Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.de = { form := "de", gloss := "but", role := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.CoordRole.advers, boundness := Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.Boundness.free }

def Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.allEntries : List CoordEntry

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

theorem Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.all_free : (allEntries.all fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.boundness == Boundness.free) = true

All Hungarian coordination morphemes are free (no bound clitics). This contrasts with Georgian, where MU (-c) is bound. @cite{bill-etal-2025} speculate this difference may explain why Georgian children found MU harder than Hungarian children did.

theorem Fragments.Hungarian.Coordination.mu_is_additive : ((List.filter (fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.role == CoordRole.mu) allEntries).all fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.alsoAdditive) = true

The MU particle is also serves as an additive particle.