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Linglib.Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation

Hixkaryana Negation Fragment #

@cite{miestamo-2005} @cite{dryer-haspelmath-2013}

Hixkaryana (Carib; Brazil) expresses standard negation with the suffix -hira on the verb. Negation is asymmetric (A/Fin): the negative suffix deverbalizes the lexical verb, and a non-negative copula takes over as the finite element.

Example #

AffirmativeNegative
Immediate pastamryeki 'I hunted'amryeki-hira w-ah-ko 'hunt-NEG 1SUBJ-be-IMM.PST'

The deverbalization + copula pattern is a clear case of A/Fin asymmetry: the lexical verb loses its finiteness under negation, and a copula verb becomes the finite element carrying person/tense marking.

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def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.negSuffix :
String

The standard negation suffix.

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Instances For
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    structure Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.NegExample :
    Type

    A Hixkaryana negation example.

    • affirmative : String
    • negative : String
    • glossAff : String
    • glossNeg : String
    • copulaFinite : Bool

      Does this construction use a copula as the finite element?

    • symmetric : Bool

      Is this construction symmetric?

    Instances For
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      def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instReprNegExample.repr :
      NegExample → Nat → Std.Format
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        instance Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instReprNegExample :
        Repr NegExample
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        def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instBEqNegExample.beq :
        NegExample → NegExample → Bool
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        Instances For
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          instance Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.instBEqNegExample :
          BEq NegExample
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          def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.immPast :
          NegExample

          Immediate past: deverbalization + copula.

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            def Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.allExamples :
            List NegExample
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              Verification #

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              theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.negSuffix_is_hira :
              negSuffix = "-hira"
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              theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.all_examples_count :
              allExamples.length = 1
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              theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.all_asymmetric :
              (allExamples.all fun (e : NegExample) => !e.symmetric) = true

              All constructions are asymmetric.

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              theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.copula_as_finite :
              (allExamples.all fun (x : NegExample) => x.copulaFinite) = true

              Negation introduces a copula as the finite element.

              source
              theorem Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.all_negative_contain_hira :
              (allExamples.all fun (e : NegExample) => Fragments.Hixkaryana.Negation.hasSubstr✝ e.negative "-hira") = true

              All negative examples contain the suffix -hira.