Georgian Coordination Morphemes

@cite{haspelmath-2007} @cite{bill-etal-2025}

Georgian is one of two languages in our sample (with Hungarian) that attests all three M&S conjunction strategies: J-only, MU-only, and J-MU.

• da — J, free, prepositive: "A da B"
• -c — MU, bound clitic, postpositive: "A-c B-c"
• -c da...-c — J-MU combined

The MU particle -c is also Georgian's additive/focus particle, confirming the M&S prediction. Crucially, -c is a bound clitic, unlike Hungarian is (free). @cite{bill-etal-2025} speculate this morphological difference may explain why Georgian children found MU-involving strategies harder.

Connection to Typology.lean: Phenomena.Coordination.Typology.georgian Connection to BillEtAl2025: Georgian children found J-MU hardest (contrary to the Transparency Principle prediction).

inductive Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.CoordRole : Type

Role of a coordination morpheme in the M&S decomposition.

• j : CoordRole
• mu : CoordRole
• disj : CoordRole
• advers : CoordRole

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordRole : DecidableEq CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq : CoordRole → CoordRole → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole : BEq CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole = { beq := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq }

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole : Repr CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole = { reprPrec := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole.repr }

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordRole.repr : CoordRole → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

inductive Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.Boundness : Type

Morphological boundness.

• free : Boundness
• bound : Boundness

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instDecidableEqBoundness : DecidableEq Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instDecidableEqBoundness x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness : BEq Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness = { beq := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq }

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq : Boundness → Boundness → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprBoundness : Repr Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprBoundness = { reprPrec := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprBoundness.repr }

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprBoundness.repr : Boundness → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

structure Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.CoordEntry : Type

A Georgian coordination entry.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• role : CoordRole
• boundness : Boundness
• alsoAdditive : Bool

  Does this morpheme also serve as an additive/focus particle?

• note : String

  Notes on usage or distribution

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry.repr : CoordEntry → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry : Repr CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry = { reprPrec := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry.repr }

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq : CoordEntry → CoordEntry → Bool

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.
• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry : BEq CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry = { beq := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq }

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.da : CoordEntry

da — primary conjunction, J particle. Free, prepositive. "nino da giorgi" = "Nino and Giorgi".

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.da = { form := "da", gloss := "and", role := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.CoordRole.j, boundness := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.Boundness.free }

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.c_ : CoordEntry

-c — MU particle / additive focus particle. Bound clitic, postpositive. Conjunction: "nino-c giorgi-c" = "both Nino and Giorgi". Additive: "nino-c dzinavs" = "Nino also sleeps". The bound status of -c contrasts with Hungarian free "is".

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.an : CoordEntry

an — disjunction. Free, prepositive. "nino an giorgi" = "Nino or Giorgi".

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.an = { form := "an", gloss := "or", role := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.CoordRole.disj, boundness := Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.Boundness.free }

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.magram : CoordEntry

magram — adversative conjunction. "lamazia magram dzviri" = "beautiful but expensive".

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

def Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.allEntries : List CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.allEntries = [Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.da, Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.c_, Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.an, Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.magram]

theorem Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.one_bound : (List.filter (fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.boundness == Boundness.bound) allEntries).length = 1

Georgian has exactly one bound morpheme: the MU clitic -c.

theorem Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.bound_is_mu : ((List.filter (fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.boundness == Boundness.bound) allEntries).all fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.role == CoordRole.mu) = true

The bound morpheme is the MU particle.

theorem Fragments.Georgian.Coordination.mu_is_additive : ((List.filter (fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.role == CoordRole.mu) allEntries).all fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.alsoAdditive) = true

The MU particle -c also serves as an additive particle.