Dutch Adposition Fragment

@cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} @cite{dendikken-2010}

Lexical entries for Dutch adpositions, encoding their surface distribution (preposition, postposition, circumposition, intransitive/particle) and core properties (R-pronominalization, complement types).

Key Empirical Generalizations (@cite{broekhuis-corver-2026})

1. PostPs are a proper subset of prePs — every postP can also be a preP (§6)
2. PrePs are locational; postPs are directional (§2.2, ex. 21–23)
3. Morphologically complex prePs resist R-pronominalization (§2.1, ex. 20)
4. The four-way classification (preP/postP/circumP/intrP) is epiphenomenal — all derive from prePs via syntactic movement (§6)

Cross-references

• Fragments.Dutch.TemporalConnectives: tot as temporal connective
• Phenomena.Constructions.ParticleVerbs.Studies.Dendikken1995: particles as P heads

inductive Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.PComplementType : Type

Complement types attested for Dutch adpositions. @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §2.1: nominal (default), PP, adjectival, clausal, infinitival, small-clause, none (intransitive).

• nominal : PComplementType
• pp : PComplementType
• adjectival : PComplementType
• clausal : PComplementType
• infinitival : PComplementType
• smallClause : PComplementType
• none_ : PComplementType

instance Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instDecidableEqPComplementType : DecidableEq PComplementType

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instDecidableEqPComplementType x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqPComplementType.beq : PComplementType → PComplementType → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqPComplementType.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqPComplementType : BEq PComplementType

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqPComplementType = { beq := Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqPComplementType.beq }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprPComplementType.repr : PComplementType → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprPComplementType : Repr PComplementType

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprPComplementType = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprPComplementType.repr }

structure Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.DutchAdposition : Type

A Dutch adposition lexical entry. Records observable distributional properties only — no theoretical analysis of WHY these properties hold.

• form : String

  Surface form

• prePOk : Bool

  Attested as preposition (complement follows P)

• postPOk : Bool

  Attested as postposition (complement precedes P)

• circumPart : Option String

  Second element if this P participates in a circumposition

• intransOk : Bool

  Attested without complement (intransitive / verbal particle use)

• rPronOk : Bool

  Allows R-pronominalization (er/daar/waar + P); §2.1, ex. 19–20

• complTypes : List PComplementType

  Attested complement types

• locational : Bool

  Has locational reading (place/state)

• directional : Bool

  Has directional reading (path/change of location)

• pathShape : Option Core.Path.PathShape

  Path shape for directional uses (if any)

• gloss : String

  English gloss

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instDecidableEqDutchAdposition.decEq (x✝ x✝¹ : DutchAdposition) : Decidable (x✝ = x✝¹)

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instance Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instDecidableEqDutchAdposition : DecidableEq DutchAdposition

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instDecidableEqDutchAdposition = Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instDecidableEqDutchAdposition.decEq

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprDutchAdposition.repr : DutchAdposition → ℕ → Std.Format

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instance Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprDutchAdposition : Repr DutchAdposition

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprDutchAdposition = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instReprDutchAdposition.repr }

instance Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqDutchAdposition : BEq DutchAdposition

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqDutchAdposition = { beq := Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqDutchAdposition.beq }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqDutchAdposition.beq : DutchAdposition → DutchAdposition → Bool

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• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.instBEqDutchAdposition.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.op : DutchAdposition

§2.2 ex. 21: op is both preP (locational "on") and postP (directional "onto"). The clearest minimal pair in the paper: op de heuvel (on the hill) vs de heuvel op (onto the hill). Auxiliary selection confirms the semantic split: hebben (locational) vs zijn (directional, ex. 22).

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.in_ : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 2a, §2.2 ex. 35a/58a: in is preP (locational "in") and postP (directional "into"). De boom in (ex. 35a) = "into the tree".

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.naar : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 2b: naar is preP only, inherently directional. Naar de garage = "to the garage".

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.naar = { form := "naar", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, directional := true, pathShape := some Core.Path.PathShape.bounded, gloss := "to" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.van : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 6–7: van indicates starting point of a path. Takes PP complements: van [PP na de oorlog] (ex. 7a). Circumposition with af: van het dak af (ex. 59).

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tot : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 6–7: tot indicates endpoint of a path. Takes PP complements: tot [PP (diep) in het bos] (ex. 7b). Takes AP complements: tot [AP voor kort] (ex. 8a). See also Fragments.Dutch.TemporalConnectives.tot for the temporal sense, which has complementType := .nominal — the spatial sense is broader.

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.achter : DutchAdposition

§3 ex. 31a, §2.3 ex. 28b: achter = "behind". Intransitive: Mijn fiets staat achter (ex. 28b).

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.achter = { form := "achter", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, intransOk := true, locational := true, gloss := "behind" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.boven : DutchAdposition

§2.3 ex. 28a, §3 ex. 37: boven = "above/upstairs". Intransitive: De douche bevindt zich boven (ex. 28a).

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.boven = { form := "boven", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, intransOk := true, locational := true, gloss := "above" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.onder : DutchAdposition

§2.2 ex. 24a: onder = "under". Circumposition with door: onder de brug door (ex. 24a) = crossing under the bridge. Locational as preP, directional in circumP use.

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.over : DutchAdposition

§2.2 ex. 24b: over = "over/across". Circumposition with heen: over de heide heen (ex. 24b) = across the heath. Locational as preP, directional in circumP use.

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tussen : DutchAdposition

§2.2 ex. 25: tussen = "between". Circumposition with in: tussen de kippen in (ex. 25).

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tussen = { form := "tussen", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, circumPart := some "in", locational := true, gloss := "between" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.bij : DutchAdposition

bij = "at/near". Locational only.

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.bij = { form := "bij", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, locational := true, gloss := "at/near" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tegen : DutchAdposition

tegen = "against".

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tegen = { form := "tegen", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, locational := true, gloss := "against" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.langs : DutchAdposition

langs = "along".

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.langs = { form := "langs", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, locational := true, gloss := "along" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.uit : DutchAdposition

uit = "out of". Source-directional. Intransitive in uitslapen (§2.3 ex. 29b).

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.uit = { form := "uit", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, intransOk := true, directional := true, pathShape := some Core.Path.PathShape.source, gloss := "out of" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.om : DutchAdposition

§2.3 ex. 28c: om = "around". Intransitive: Marie deed een sjaal om (ex. 28c).

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.om = { form := "om", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, intransOk := true, locational := true, gloss := "around" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.met : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 14, 19e: met = "with". Takes small-clause complement in absolute met-construction: Met [Jan in ons team] zullen we nooit verliezen (ex. 14a).

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.voor : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 5, 9a: voor = "for/before". Temporal sense takes clausal complement: voor [CP (dat) hij vertrok] (ex. 9a). Also takes PP (voor [PP bij de koffie], ex. 5) and AP (voor [AP kort], ex. 8a) complements.

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.na : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 9b, 13a, 19c: na = "after". Clausal complement with obligatory dat: *na [CP (dat) hij gevallen was] (ex. 9b). Infinitival: na [CP te zijn gevallen] (ex. 13a).

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.zonder : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 13b, 20c: zonder = "without". Infinitival complement: zonder [CP te snurken] (ex. 13b). Resists R-pronominalization: ✱er zonder (ex. 20c).

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tijdens : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 20a: tijdens = "during". Resists R-pronominalization: ✱er tijdens.

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.tijdens = { form := "tijdens", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, rPronOk := false, gloss := "during" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.ondanks : DutchAdposition

§2.1 ex. 20b: ondanks = "despite". Resists R-pronominalization: ✱er ondanks.

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.ondanks = { form := "ondanks", prePOk := true, postPOk := false, rPronOk := false, gloss := "despite" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.door : DutchAdposition

§4 ex. 44d: door = "through/by" (causal/instrumental). Clausal complement: door [CP dat de wind hard waaide] (ex. 44d'). Also functions as circumP second element (onder...door) and as verbal particle.

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.af : DutchAdposition

af = "off/down". Primarily circumP second element (van...af, ex. 59) and verbal particle. Not commonly used as standalone preP (§2.2: "P₂ has a form that is not commonly used as a preP").

Equations

• Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.af = { form := "af", prePOk := false, postPOk := false, intransOk := true, directional := true, pathShape := some Core.Path.PathShape.source, gloss := "off/down" }

def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.heen : DutchAdposition

heen = directional particle. Primarily circumP second element (over...heen, ex. 24b). Not commonly used as standalone preP.

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def Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.dutchAdpositions : List DutchAdposition

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theorem Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.postP_subset_preP (a : DutchAdposition) : a ∈ dutchAdpositions → a.postPOk = true → a.prePOk = true

Every adposition that has postP use also has preP use. @cite{broekhuis-corver-2026} §6: postPs derive from prePs by complement movement, so postP ⊆ preP.

theorem Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.complex_Ps_no_rPron : tijdens.rPronOk = false ∧ ondanks.rPronOk = false ∧ zonder.rPronOk = false

Morphologically complex prePs resist R-pronominalization. §2.1 ex. 20: tijdens, ondanks, zonder are diachronically complex and block er-pronominalization.

theorem Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.circumP_parts_not_preP : af.prePOk = false ∧ heen.prePOk = false

CircumP second elements (af, heen) are not standalone prePs.

theorem Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.directional_has_pathShape (a : DutchAdposition) : a ∈ dutchAdpositions → a.directional = true → a.pathShape.isSome = true

All adpositions with directional readings have a PathShape.

theorem Fragments.Dutch.Adpositions.postP_has_both_readings (a : DutchAdposition) : a ∈ dutchAdpositions → a.postPOk = true → a.locational = true ∧ a.directional = true

PostP-capable adpositions have both locational and directional readings. §2.2 ex. 21: preP op = locational, postP op = directional.