Dargwa (Tanti) Coordination @cite{sumbatova-2021}

Clause coordination is not typical of Dargwa — subordination via non-finite verb forms is the primary strategy for combining clauses (@cite{sumbatova-2021} §4.8.1). When coordination does occur, it uses the following strategies:

NP Coordination

• =ra (ADD): enclitic additive particle, repeated after each conjunct. Also used as a sentence-level additive ('also, too'). "č'al malla=ra ca qulki=ra" = 'two mullahs and a thief'.

• ja ... ja (DISJ ... DISJ): repeated disjunction. "ja ... ja" = 'neither ... nor' (with negation).

• =nu: contrastive/causal particle.

These patterns connect to the M&S (Mitrovic & Sauerland) typology formalized in Phenomena.Coordination.Typology.

Connection to Typology

Dargwa's =ra is a MU particle (repeated on each conjunct, also additive), making Dargwa a MU-only conjunction language. The absence of a J-only strategy (no free "and" between conjuncts) is predicted by M&S: languages can have MU without J.

inductive Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.CoordRole : Type

Role of a coordination morpheme in the M&S decomposition.

• j : CoordRole
• mu : CoordRole
• disj : CoordRole
• advers : CoordRole

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordRole : DecidableEq CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instDecidableEqCoordRole x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq : CoordRole → CoordRole → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole : BEq CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole = { beq := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordRole.beq }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordRole.repr : CoordRole → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

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instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordRole : Repr CoordRole

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordRole = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordRole.repr }

inductive Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.Boundness : Type

Morphological boundness.

• free : Boundness
• bound : Boundness

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instDecidableEqBoundness : DecidableEq Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instDecidableEqBoundness x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqBoundness : BEq Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqBoundness = { beq := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq : Boundness → Boundness → Bool

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqBoundness.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprBoundness : Repr Boundness

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprBoundness = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprBoundness.repr }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprBoundness.repr : Boundness → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

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structure Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.CoordEntry : Type

A Dargwa coordination entry.

• form : String
• gloss : String
• role : CoordRole
• boundness : Boundness
• alsoAdditive : Bool

  Does this morpheme also serve as an additive/focus particle?

• note : String

  Notes

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry.repr : CoordEntry → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

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instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry : Repr CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instReprCoordEntry.repr }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq : CoordEntry → CoordEntry → Bool

Equations

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• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq x✝¹ x✝ = false

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry : BEq CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry = { beq := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.instBEqCoordEntry.beq }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ra : CoordEntry

=ra — additive/conjunction particle. Bound enclitic, postpositive. Repeated after each conjunct: "A=ra B=ra" = 'A and B'. Also sentence-level additive: "nuka=ra" = 'we too'. This is a MU particle.

Equations

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def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ja : CoordEntry

ja...ja — disjunction. Free, repeated before each disjunct. "ja A ja B" = 'either A or B'. With negation: 'neither A nor B'.

Equations

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def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.nu : CoordEntry

=nu — contrastive/causal particle. Marks contrast between clauses or causal relation.

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.nu = { form := "=nu", gloss := "but; because", role := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.CoordRole.advers, boundness := Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.Boundness.bound }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.allEntries : List CoordEntry

Equations

• Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.allEntries = [Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ra, Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.ja, Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.nu]

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.no_j_particle : (List.filter (fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.role == CoordRole.j) allEntries).length = 0

Dargwa has no J-only conjunction particle. Its conjunction strategy is MU-only (=ra repeated on each conjunct).

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.mu_is_additive : ((List.filter (fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.role == CoordRole.mu) allEntries).all fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.alsoAdditive) = true

The MU particle =ra is also an additive particle, as predicted by M&S typology.

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Coordination.mu_is_bound : ((List.filter (fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.role == CoordRole.mu) allEntries).all fun (x : CoordEntry) => x.boundness == Boundness.bound) = true

The MU particle is bound (enclitic).