Documentation

Linglib.Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement

Dargwa (Tanti) Agreement @cite{sumbatova-2021} #

Dargwa is among the few Nakh-Dagestanian languages with both gender agreement and person agreement (@cite{sumbatova-2021} §4.5.8, §4.7.6).

Gender Agreement #

Three genders in the singular (masculine, feminine, neuter) and three in the plural (1st/2nd person, human, non-human). Gender is almost entirely semantic: masculine = male humans, feminine = female humans, neuter = everything else. Gender agreement targets include verb roots, preverbs, copulas, and some adjective roots.

Gender agreement is controlled by the absolutive argument in clauses. In copular clauses with two absolutives, the predicate controls agreement.

Person Agreement ("Dargic Type") #

Person agreement follows the hierarchy 1, 2 > 3 and absolutive > ergative. The agreement paradigm configuration is the "Dargic type" (@cite{cysouw-2003}): a typologically rare opposition of 2SG versus {1SG, 1PL, 2PL}, where the 3rd person is usually unmarked.

Three person-marker sets distribute across TAM paradigms:

Clitic set: present, preterite, perfect, propositive
Irrealis set: past habitual, future, conditional
Optative set: optative

The 2SG marker is identical across the clitic set (=de) and past tense (=de), creating a homophony that is typologically unusual.

inductive Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.SgGender :

Singular gender values.

masculine : SgGender
feminine : SgGender
neuter : SgGender

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqSgGender :

DecidableEq SgGender

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqSgGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqSgGender :

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqSgGender = { beq := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqSgGender.beq }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqSgGender.beq :

SgGender → SgGender → Bool

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqSgGender.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprSgGender :

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprSgGender = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprSgGender.repr }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprSgGender.repr :

SgGender → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

inductive Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.PlGender :

Plural gender values. These differ from singular genders.

sapHuman : PlGender
human : PlGender
nonHuman : PlGender

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqPlGender :

DecidableEq PlGender

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqPlGender x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqPlGender.beq :

PlGender → PlGender → Bool

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqPlGender.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqPlGender :

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqPlGender = { beq := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqPlGender.beq }

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprPlGender :

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprPlGender = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprPlGender.repr }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprPlGender.repr :

PlGender → Nat → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.sgGenderPrefix :

SgGender → String

Gender agreement prefix on the verb stem. The prefix immediately precedes the root in simplex verbs and attaches to the light verb, preverb, or lexical stem in complex verbs (@cite{sumbatova-2021} §4.5.2.3, Table 4.12).

Equations

Instances For

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.plGenderPrefix :

PlGender → String

Equations

Instances For

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.gender_semantically_transparent :

Gender assignment is semantically transparent: masculine = male humans, feminine = female humans, neuter = everything else (@cite{sumbatova-2021} §4.4.1). A small set of nouns have a variable gender morpheme determined by the referent's actual gender (if human) or the possessor's gender: e.g., w-eˁ.ʔ 'proprietor (M)' / r-eˁ.ʔ 'proprietor (F)'.

inductive Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.MarkerSet :

The three person-marker paradigm sets.

clitic : MarkerSet
irrealis : MarkerSet
optative : MarkerSet

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqMarkerSet :

DecidableEq MarkerSet

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqMarkerSet x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqMarkerSet :

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqMarkerSet = { beq := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqMarkerSet.beq }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqMarkerSet.beq :

MarkerSet → MarkerSet → Bool

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqMarkerSet.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprMarkerSet :

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprMarkerSet = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprMarkerSet.repr }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprMarkerSet.repr :

MarkerSet → Nat → Std.Format

Equations

One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

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def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.personMarker :

MarkerSet → Core.Prominence.PersonLevel → Number → Option String

Person clitic/suffix forms (Table 4.20, 4.21 of @cite{sumbatova-2021}). Returns none when the person is unmarked.

Clitic set ("Dargic type"): =da covers 1SG, 1PL, and 2PL (ex. 34a: "I, we, you(PL) am, are doing"); =de is 2SG only. Table 4.21 confirms: "person clitics: 2SG =de, 1SG/PL, 2PL =da".

Equations

Instances For

inductive Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.GenderController :

Gender agreement controller: the absolutive argument. In intransitive clauses: S (always absolutive). In transitive clauses: P (absolutive), not A (ergative). In copular clauses with two absolutives: the predicate.

absolutive : GenderController
predicate : GenderController
ergOrDat : GenderController

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqGenderController :

DecidableEq GenderController

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instDecidableEqGenderController x✝ y✝ = if h : x✝.ctorIdx = y✝.ctorIdx then isTrue ⋯ else isFalse ⋯

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqGenderController.beq :

GenderController → GenderController → Bool

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqGenderController.beq x✝ y✝ = (x✝.ctorIdx == y✝.ctorIdx)

Instances For

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqGenderController :

BEq GenderController

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqGenderController = { beq := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instBEqGenderController.beq }

instance Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprGenderController :

Repr GenderController

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprGenderController = { reprPrec := Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprGenderController.repr }

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.instReprGenderController.repr :

GenderController → Nat → Std.Format

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One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

Instances For

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.personAgreementController (aPerson pPerson : Core.Prominence.PersonLevel) :

Core.Prominence.PersonLevel

Person agreement hierarchy: person (1, 2 > 3) and case (absolutive > ergative).

If one core argument is a SAP and the other is not, the verb agrees with the SAP regardless of case. If both are SAPs, agreement is with the absolutive.

Equations

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def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.thematicSuffix (aPerson pPerson : Core.Prominence.PersonLevel) :

Thematic suffix for transitive verbs, determined by the person features of A and P arguments (Table 4.10, §4.5.2.5 of @cite{sumbatova-2021}).

-i when A is SAP (1st/2nd) and P is 3rd — the configuration where A outranks P in the person hierarchy (1, 2 > 3). -u otherwise (both SAP, or A is 3rd).

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.thematicSuffix aPerson pPerson = if (aPerson.isSAP && !pPerson.isSAP) = true then "-i" else "-u"

Instances For

def Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.intransitiveThematicSuffix (sPerson : Core.Prominence.PersonLevel) :

Intransitive thematic suffix: -u for SAP subjects, -ar / -an for 3rd person subjects.

Equations

Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.intransitiveThematicSuffix sPerson = if sPerson.isSAP = true then "-u" else "-ar"

Instances For

The thematic suffix -i marks the same configuration that the person agreement hierarchy resolves to the A-argument: SAP acting on 3rd person. The suffix is a morphological reflex of hierarchy.

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.thematic_suffix_tracks_controller :

personAgreementController Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third = Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first ∧ thematicSuffix Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third = "-i" ∧ personAgreementController Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third = Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second ∧ thematicSuffix Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third = "-i" ∧ personAgreementController Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first = Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first ∧ thematicSuffix Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first = "-u" ∧ personAgreementController Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second = Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second ∧ thematicSuffix Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second = "-u"

When thematic suffix is -i (A = SAP, P = 3), person agreement controller selects A — the same argument that triggers -i. When thematic suffix is -u (A = 3, P = SAP), person agreement controller selects P. The suffix and the agreement controller always pick the highest-ranked argument.

"Dargic type" (@cite{cysouw-2003}): in the clitic set, 1SG, 1PL, and 2PL all receive the same marker (=da), while 2SG alone gets a distinct marker (=de). This is the typologically rare opposition described in the abstract: "2SG versus {1SG, 1PL, 2PL}".

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.both_sap_absolutive_wins :

personAgreementController Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second = Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second ∧ personAgreementController Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first = Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first

When both arguments are SAPs, the absolutive (P) controls.

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.sap_hierarchy_from_prominence :

Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.first.isSAP = true ∧ Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.second.isSAP = true ∧ Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.third.isSAP = false

The "SAP wins" rule directly reflects the person prominence hierarchy: SAP (1st/2nd) > 3rd. This is the same hierarchy formalized in Core.Prominence.PersonLevel.

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.gender_prefixes_distinct :

sgGenderPrefix SgGender.masculine ≠ sgGenderPrefix SgGender.feminine ∧ sgGenderPrefix SgGender.masculine ≠ sgGenderPrefix SgGender.neuter ∧ sgGenderPrefix SgGender.feminine ≠ sgGenderPrefix SgGender.neuter

Masculine and feminine prefixes are distinct.

theorem Fragments.Dargwa.Agreement.plural_syncretism :

plGenderPrefix PlGender.sapHuman = plGenderPrefix PlGender.nonHuman

Plural SAP-human and non-human prefixes are homophonous (both d-). This is a typologically notable syncretism.